Reducing the Rate of Hospital Readmission Among Patients with Mental Illnesses Essay
[TABLE OF CONTENTS]*
Executive Summary 3
Introduction 4
[elementor-template id="144964"]Background Review of Literature 5
Data Analysis Framework 9
Presentation of the Graphics
[Graphic Data Summary #1] 10
[Graphic Data Summary #2] 11
Analysis of the Data 12
Evidence-Based Recommendations 12
Conclusion 13
References 15
*Tip: Table of Contents – Include all headings, subheadings, a list of figures and/or tables with specific and clear titles, and a reference list, and be sure to update and right-justify page numbers.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Hospital readmission is one of the major problems experienced in the healthcare sector. This problem is even more common among patients who experience or living with mental illnesses. Such high rates of readmissions have been shown to have various negative impacts on patients and healthcare facilities. For example, while the patients end up spending more on care and become more exposed to healthcare-acquired infections, hospitals usually end up having a tainted image. With reference to patients experiencing mental illnesses, hospital readmissions lead to adverse consequences such as higher healthcare costs, disruption of the individuals and their families, risk of healthcare-associated infections, increasedlength of stay, and higher mortality rates (Upadhyay et al., 2019).
The key factors directly influencing the problem include average readmissions per unit per month, total unplanned readmissions, and total readmissions. As such, this project focuses on lowering the rates of readmission among patients experiencing mental illnesses. Such a feat is to be achieved through analyzing the data trends to reveal the organizational causes. The implication is that the organization’s data on readmissions have to be studied and necessary interventions applied. The key performance indicators will be measured as the number of patients readmitted to the facility unplanned, the total number of patients readmitted to the psychiatry units, and the number of readmissions as monthly averages. Through the reduction of the readmission rates, this project aims to add value to the identified organization. For instance, it is hoped that the organizations will have lower spending related to hospital readmissions. In addition, patient satisfaction is expected to improve hence having a long-term positive impact on the hospital’s revenue.
Introduction
In the past decades, two themes that have dominated mental health care are personal recovery and community living for individuals experiencing mental illness. As such, the number of individuals sent back to live in the community has substantially arisen due to deinstitutionalization, especially in developed nations (Lassemo et al., 2021). While the process has been associated with a subjective achievement of meaningful lives, problems have arisen, leading to poor health outcomes among patients with mental health issues. For example, there have been observed rates of hospital readmissions that have further impacts on the patients. Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to select a topic for the capstone project and describe it. In addition, key performance indicators and outcomes for the proposed project and supporting sources will be explored. Besides, the data analysis framework to be applied is also explored.
Statement of the Problem
Hospital readmissions lead to adverse consequences such as higher healthcare costs, disruption of the individuals and their families, risk of healthcare-associated infections, increased length of stay, and higher mortality rates (Upadhyay et al., 2019)
Key Factors that Directly Influence the Problem
The factors that directly relate to the problem are total readmissions, total unplanned readmission, and average readmissions per unit per month (Upadhyay et al., 2019)
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| The factor that Directly Relates to the Problem | Precise Unit of Measurement
(Days, Dollars, %, etc.) |
Authoritative Source(s) for Factor and Unit of Measurement |
| 1. Total unplanned readmissions | The number of patients readmitted to the facility unplanned | Phillips et al.(2020) |
| 2. Total readmissions | The total number of patients readmitted to the psychiatry units | Phillips et al.(2020) |
| 3. Average readmissions per unit per month | Number of readmissions calculated as monthly averages | Phillips et al.(2020) |
Value Proposition to the Organization
The project will aim at reducing the rates of readmission among patients with mental health issues by analyzing the data trends to reveal the organizational causes.
Value Proposition/Contribution to My Professional Interests/Goals
The project will help develop my data analysis skills for quality improvement in various care settings.
Background: Review of the Literature
| Authoritative Source (APA Format) | How the Source Directly Relates to the Problem (One-Sentence Summary) |
| Lassemo, E., Myklebust, L. H., Salazzari, D., & Kalseth, J. (2021). Psychiatric readmission rates in a multi-level mental health care system–a descriptive population cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06391-7 | This source shows that the problem of hospital readmission exists globally and at different rates. |
| Phillips, M. S., Steelesmith, D. L., Campo, J. V., Pradhan, T., & Fontanella, C. A. (2020). Factors associated with multiple psychiatric readmissions for youth with mood disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(5), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.024.
|
Explores factors connected with psychiatric readmissions and units of measurement. |
| Kim, B., Weatherly, C., Wolk, C. B., & Proctor, E. K. (2019). Measurement of unnecessary psychiatric readmissions: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 9(7), e030696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030696 | This source analyzes the ethical consideration around psychiatric readmissions, such as unnecessary readmissions. |
| Benjenk, I., & Chen, J. (2018). Effective mental health interventions to reduce hospital readmission rates: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.024 | This source highlights the existence of the problem and some strategies to reduce it. |
| Morel, D., Kalvin, C. Y., Liu-Ferrara, A., Caceres-Suriel, A. J., Kurtz, S. G., & Tabak, Y. P. (2020). Predicting hospital readmission in patients with mental or substance use disorders: a machine learning approach. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 139, 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104136 | The source also indicates that the problem is common and discusses ways of predicting hospital readmissions. |
| Edgcomb, J. B., Sorter, M., Lorberg, B., & Zima, B. T. (2020). Psychiatric readmission of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Services, 71(3), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900234 | A systematic review that explored the readmission rates of children and adolescents with mental health challenges. |
| Han, X., Jiang, F., Tang, Y., Needleman, J., Guo, M., Chen, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2020). Factors associated with 30-day and 1-year readmission among psychiatric inpatients in Beijing China: a retrospective, medical record-based analysis. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-12. Doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02515-1
|
This source underlines the fact that psychiatric readmissions have various negative impacts on patients and families in addition to increasing health care costs. The study, therefore, explored various factors connected to psychiatric readmissions. Some of them include the length of hospital stay, previous psychiatric admissions, the existence of medical comorbidities, and residing in urban areas. |
| Del Favero, E., Montemagni, C., Villari, V., & Rocca, P. (2020). Factors associated with 30-days and 180-days psychiatric readmissions: A snapshot of a metropolitan area. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113309
|
The source explored psychiatric readmission as a quality indicator in the mental health cycles. It shows that readmission rates in psychiatric settings in metropolitan areas are as high as 16%. In addition, discharging a patient to a community Mental health services is one of the nest protective factors for psychiatric readmissions. |
| Baeza, F. L. C., da Rocha, N. S., & de Almeida Fleck, M. P. (2018). Readmission in psychiatry inpatients within a year of discharge: the role of symptoms at discharge and post-discharge care in a Brazilian sample. General Hospital Psychiatry, 51, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.11.008
|
This article also focuses on psychiatric readmissions and underlines that the chances of being readmitted among psychiatric patients are increased by the number of previous psychiatric admissions. It also highlights that the rates of hospital readmissions among psychiatric patients are high. |
| Moore, C. O., Moonie, S., & Anderson, J. (2019). Factors associated with rapid readmission among Nevada state psychiatric hospital patients. Community mental health journal, 55(5), 804-810. Doi: 10.1007/s10597-018-0316-y
|
This source also explores readmissions among psychiatric patients within 30 days of hospital discharge. The sources also indicate that these readmission cases are associated with high costs and financial implications. The study suggests that focusing on individuals’ history of readmissions can be key in modifying various factors to lower the rates of readmission. |
| Ortiz, G. (2019). Predictors of 30-day postdischarge readmission to a multistate national sample of state psychiatric hospitals. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 41(4), 228. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FJHQ.0000000000000162
|
This source also supports the existing high prevalence rates of hospital readmissions among psychiatric patients. It also explored some of the clinical and demographic factors connected to such readmissions. |
Data Analysis Framework
The chosen framework for data analysis is the balanced scorecard framework. The reason for choosing this framework is that the proposed possible solution to the problem of psychiatric readmissions will be like a new service line. The solution will need to be implemented in the organization to help overcome the problem. The balanced scorecard framework is key in effectively analyzing performance data with varying complexity (Psarras et al., 2020).
Presentation of the Graphics
Overview
Hospital readmissions in psychiatric health settings lead to various adverse outcomes such as higher health care spending and possible exposure to hospital-acquired infections. Various data will be used to illustrate the problem. Some of them include rates of readmission within 30-days of discharge, readmission within 100-days of discharge, total unplanned readmissions, and average monthly readmissions.
[Graphic #1]: A graph indicating daily readmission incidences for the local health facility. The targeted year is 2021
[Graphic #2] A line curve showing the total readmissions within 30-days of discharge and 100 days of discharge for the local health facility. The year of focus is 2021.
Balanced Scorecard
Organization’s Directional Strategy: (Growth, Reduction, Quality Leader, et cetera)
| Business | Finance | Customer | Organizational Learning/Growth |
| Key Performance Indicator and Metric
Reduce the rates of psychiatric hospital readmission
|
Reduce healthcare spending related to hospital readmissions by 60% | Improve the patients’ satisfaction scores related to mental health by at least 20%. | -Improvement of communication between the care teams to help reduce readmission rates.
-Offering clear discharge direction and education to the patients and their families to boost chances of staying healthy at home. -Equipping the psychiatric staff with adequate screening knowledge to help them accurately identify patients at risk of readmission.
|
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Analysis of the Data
The presented graphs are relevant and important to the project and the objectives. Graphic one shows daily readmission incidences for the year 2021. The graph indicates the monthly readmission rates for the psychiatric unit. While the month with the lowest tally is October, May had the highest incidence at 28%. The second graph, graphic 2, indicates the readmission rates within 30 days and 100 days of patient discharge for the year 2021. While July had the highest readmission within 30 days of discharge, the highest rate of readmission within 100 days of discharge was observed in April.
Evidence-Based Recommendations
As earlier indicated, hospital readmissions among patients with mental illnesses have various negative impacts. As such, there have been various evidence interventions used in attempts to contain the problem.
- One of such evidence-based recommendations is the use of a comprehensive education initiative during patient discharge. As part of the initiative, the patients and their family members are taught about various aspects such as correct medication use, the importance of medication adherence, and effective symptom management (Benjenk & Chen, 2018).
- The next intervention is physical health telemonitoring, which enables the healthcare professionals to remotely monitor the patients and make appropriate therapeutic decisions that can help in preventing readmissions (Benjenk & Chen, 2018).
- Groups and individual psychotherapy sessions for discharged patients can help in reducing the chances of readmissions (Benjenk & Chen, 2018).
From the evidence-based recommendations mentioned, it is key that the organization implements realistic strategies. In addition, the chosen strategy should well be within the financial capability of the organization to avoid putting pressure on the already available limited resources.
Conclusion
The problems experienced in clinical health settings usually put patient safety at risk hence calling for effective interventions that can be used to solve such problems. Therefore, this project has focused on hospital readmission among patients with mental illnesses. Hospital readmissions have been shown to lead to various problems, such as increased healthcare spending. Therefore, applying an intervention was to hopefully reduce such spending by at least fifty percent. Hospital readmissions are a widespread problem, both in the USA and the world. The implication is that the healthcare industry is heavily and negatively impacted by the problem, calling for better interventions that can be applied to ensure that the problem is solved. In most cases, various facilities resort to multidisciplinary staff who can come together and use their expertise to perform a proper evaluation and come up with possible solutions (Morris et al., 2018). While some measures have been used to control the hospital-based factors, some have been focused on the factors connected to where patients are living back in their homes to ensure that whatever may enhance the increased rates of readmissions are eliminated. It is important to continue with efforts to control hospital readmissions. Future studies should focus on other strategies for preventing readmissions. For example, real-time monitoring through data mining presents a real opportunity of fighting the problem
References
Baeza, F. L. C., da Rocha, N. S., & de Almeida Fleck, M. P. (2018). Readmission in psychiatry inpatients within a year of discharge: the role of symptoms at discharge and post-discharge care in a Brazilian sample. General Hospital Psychiatry, 51, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.11.008
Benjenk, I., & Chen, J. (2018). Effective mental health interventions to reduce hospital readmission rates: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.024.
Del Favero, E., Montemagni, C., Villari, V., & Rocca, P. (2020). Factors associated with 30-days and 180-days psychiatric readmissions: A snapshot of a metropolitan area. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113309
Edgcomb, J. B., Sorter, M., Lorberg, B., & Zima, B. T. (2020). Psychiatric readmission of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Services, 71(3), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900234.
Han, X., Jiang, F., Tang, Y., Needleman, J., Guo, M., Chen, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2020). Factors associated with 30-day and 1-year readmission among psychiatric inpatients in Beijing China: a retrospective, medical record-based analysis. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-12. Doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02515-1
Kim, B., Weatherly, C., Wolk, C. B., & Proctor, E. K. (2019). Measurement of unnecessary psychiatric readmissions: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 9(7), e030696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030696
Lassemo, E., Myklebust, L. H., Salazzari, D., & Kalseth, J. (2021). Psychiatric readmission rates in a multi-level mental health care system–a descriptive population cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06391-7.
Moore, C. O., Moonie, S., & Anderson, J. (2019). Factors associated with rapid readmission among Nevada state psychiatric hospital patients. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(5), 804-810. Doi: 10.1007/s10597-018-0316-y
Morel, D., Kalvin, C. Y., Liu-Ferrara, A., Caceres-Suriel, A. J., Kurtz, S. G., & Tabak, Y. P. (2020). Predicting hospital readmission in patients with mental or substance use disorders: a machine learning approach. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 139, 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104136.
Morris, D. W., Ghose, S., Williams, E., Brown, K., & Khan, F. (2018). Evaluating psychiatric readmissions in the emergency department of a large public hospital. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 671. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S143004
Ortiz, G. (2019). Predictors of 30-day postdischarge readmission to a multistate national sample of state psychiatric hospitals. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 41(4), 228. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FJHQ.0000000000000162
Psarras, A., Anagnostopoulos, T., Tsotsolas, N., Salmon, I., & Vryzidis, L. (2020). Applying the balanced scorecard and predictive analytics in the administration of a European funding program. Administrative Sciences, 10(4), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040102
Phillips, M. S., Steelesmith, D. L., Campo, J. V., Pradhan, T., & Fontanella, C. A. (2020). Factors associated with multiple psychiatric readmissions for youth with mood disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(5), 619-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.024.
Upadhyay, S., Stephenson, A. L., & Smith, D. G. (2019). Readmission rates and their impact on hospital financial performance: a study of Washington hospitals. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56, 0046958019860386. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0046958019860386.
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Write a data review project report and record a client presentation. There are no page or slide limits for this assessment.
Introduction
Note: Each assessment of your capstone project is built on the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Health care leaders are responsible for identifying relevant problems, analyzing data, drawing sound conclusions, and making recommendations for resolution of the problem in the workplace. The data review project that you will be completing in this assessment has provided you with the opportunity to practice the skills of a health care leader in a professional, real-world setting.
In this assessment, you will write your final report and develop a presentation suitable for executive leaders.
Overview and Preparation
In this assessment you will submit your project report and presentation, which are based on the work you have completed in the previous assessments.
This assessment is in two parts:
Part 1: Project Report.
This report should be succinct, substantive, and written for a hypothetical executive leadership team. It is not a lengthy academic paper.
Part 2: Project Report Presentation.
This recorded presentation is an overview of the project, also intended for an executive leadership team.
Presentation Tools
You may use Kaltura or another technology of your choice for your audio recording. Refer to the Using Kaltura tutorial for directions on recording and uploading your video in the courseroom.
Note: If you require the use of assistive technology or alternative communication methods to participate in this activity, please contact DisabilityServices@Capella.edu to request accommodations.
Templates
Download the following templates to use to complete this assessment:
Assessment 4 Final Project Report Template [DOCX].
Assessment 4 Presentation Template [PPTX].
Requirements
Part 1: Project Report
Develop your data review project report. Use the Assessment 4 Final Project Report Template [DOCX]. Authoritative sources should be integrated into the Evidence-Based Recommendations and Conclusion sections of the report.
Provide a minimum of two graphics (for example, pie chart, graph, spreadsheet, or process map), two evidence-based recommendations from the literature, and one new insight. Place these additions in your document under the headings Analysis of the Data, Evidence-Based Recommendations, and Conclusion, respectively.
The requirements outlined below correspond to the first four grading criteria in the scoring guide. Be sure that your project report addresses each point, at a minimum. You may also want to read the assessment scoring guide to better understand how each criterion will be assessed.
Analyze performance data and trends.
Present your graphics, along with a concise analysis.
Describe the significant findings, trends, and any new insights evident from the graphics.
Determine whether there are any limitations to your findings, obstacles to collection or interpretation of data, or potential for bias.
Ensure your data is valid and reliable.
Provide evidence-based recommendations.
Identify a short list of interventions to solve the problem, supported by current (published within the past 3–5 years) authoritative literature.
Consider adding additional best practice sources to your initial review of the current literature.
Consider how legal, regulatory, ethical, patient safety, and organizational factors are related to the problem.
Make realistic recommendations that are within the organization’s capability. They should not be based upon uncertain funding sources such as government grants, which might be discontinued.
Make your recommendations sufficiently compelling to convince the target audience to implement them.
Provide a conclusion for problem resolution and organizational transformation.
Summarize the problem and method used for analysis.
Explain the key findings and their relevance to the problem.
Explain how your recommendations have the potential to transform the organization (for example, enhancing patient safety, containing costs, launching a new service line, et cetera.)
Combine clear, coherent, and original writing, in APA style, with relevant and credible evidence from the scholarly and professional literature.
Apply correct APA formatting to your source citations.
Consider how or why a particular piece of evidence supports your main points, claims, or conclusions.
Make sure your supporting evidence is clear and explicit.
Part 2: Project Report Presentation
Provide a concise overview of your project in a recorded slide presentation. Use the Assessment 4 Presentation Template [PPTX].
The requirements outlined below correspond to the fifth grading criterion in the scoring guide. Be sure your presentation addresses each point, at a minimum. You may also want to read the assessment scoring guide to better understand how the following criterion will be assessed.
Present a concise, substantive project overview to decision makers.
Be clear and focused on your presentation.
Address the anticipated needs and concerns of your audience.
Apply best practices to the design and development of your presentation materials.
Support your main points, arguments, and conclusions with relevant and credible evidence.
Be sure to format citations and references using APA style.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Transformation: Facilitate a change process that effectively involves patients, communities, and professionals in the improvement and delivery of health care and wellness.
Analyze performance data and trends.
Provide evidence-based recommendations.
Competency 2: Execution: Translate strategy to develop and maintain optimal organizational performance in health care settings.
Provide a conclusion for problem resolution and organizational transformation.
Combine clear, coherent, and original writing, in APA style, with relevant and credible evidence from the scholarly and professional literature.
Present a concise, substantive project overview to decision makers.
Portfolio Prompt: You are required to save your data review project report and recorded slide presentation to your ePortfolio.