N492 Module 5 Assignment Community Diseases Tuberculosis 

N492 Module 5 Assignment Community Diseases Tuberculosis 

N492 Module 5 Assignment Community Diseases Tuberculosis 

Write a 1250–1500-word essay addressing each of the following points/questions. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least three (3) sources in your essay. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the essay. The cover page and reference page do not count toward the minimum word amount. Review the rubric criteria for this assignment.

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Apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Choose one communicable disease.

Address each of the following in your paper (all of the following must be included):

A thorough description of the disease, including causes, mode of transmission, symptoms, treatment, and complications. Discuss the demographic most affected-incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality.

What are the determinants of health affecting this disease?

Identify the epidemiologic triad, including host, agent, and environmental factors as related to this disease.

Discuss the role of the public health nurse in relation to this disease. How is the public health nurse involved in finding, reporting, collecting, and analysis of data and follow-up?

M5 Assignment UMBO – 2, 3, 4

M5 Assignment PLG – 1, 2, 5

M5 Assignment CLO – 3, 5

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Start by reading and following these instructions:

Study the required chapter(s) of the textbook and any additional recommended resources. Some answers may require you to do additional research on the Internet or in other reference sources. Choose your sources carefully.

Consider the discussion and the any insights you gained from it.

Review the assignment rubric and the specifications below to ensure that your response aligns with all assignment expectations.

Create your assignment submission and be sure to cite your sources, use APA style as required, and check your spelling.

The following specifications are required for this assignment:

Length: 1250 – 1500 words; answers must thoroughly address the questions in a clear, concise manner.

Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA style. These do not count toward the minimum word count for this assignment.

References: Use the appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. Include at least three (3) scholarly sources to support your claims.

N492 Module 5 Assignment Community Diseases Tuberculosis Sample

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a highly contagious bacterial infection. Although the lungs are the primary target of this airborne sickness, other organs are not immune. TB has been around for centuries, and it still causes a lot of suffering and death today. Despite medical improvements, the rise of drug-resistant strains challenges eradication efforts. Beyond medicine, it affects the functioning of the economy and society. This paper will examine tuberculosis from every angle, including its causes, transmission, symptoms, and management options. It will also examine the epidemiologic triad and the public health nurse’s part in illness management, as well as the social, behavioral, and environmental factors that contribute to the etiology and progression of the disease.

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Causes and Mode of Transmission

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). It is a slow-growing, aerobic organism with a specialized cell wall. The bacterium’s ability to adapt to new conditions and persist over time is partly due to the strength of its cell wall. TB primarily targets the lungs but can damage other organs, leading to various symptoms (Sia & Rengarajan, 2019). Inhalation of respiratory droplets harboring Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary route of transmission of tuberculosis. People with active tuberculosis release these droplets into the air whenever they cough, sneeze, or speak. People close to the source may inhale these particles, allowing the bacteria to enter their lungs and spread infection (Sia & Rengarajan, 2019). It is important to remember that not everyone who comes into contact with the TB bacterium will end up with it. Latent tuberculosis (TB) can arise when the immune system fails to confine the infection. People with compromised immune systems (as a result of malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, or certain drugs, for example) are more likely to develop active TB. According to Sia and Rengarajan (2019), since TB spreads rapidly, preventative measures, including good air quality, prompt diagnosis, and efficient treatment, are crucial. Additionally, addressing social factors and boosting awareness can contribute to prevention efforts and lower the impact of TB on global health.

Symptoms of TB

Despite primarily affecting the lungs, tuberculosis (TB) can cause a wide range of symptoms because of its widespread impact on the body’s systems. Early signs are insidious and may include chronic cough, occasionally accompanied by hemoptysis (coughing up blood) or mucoid sputum (Natarajan et al., 2020). Frequent episodes of fatigue, unintentional weight loss, and night sweats add to the disease’s overall debilitating effects. Chest pain and shortness of breath are the most common late-stage TB symptoms (Natarajan et al., 2020). Fever and chills are signs of the body’s immunological response and are systemic manifestations beyond the respiratory system. When tuberculosis (TB) spreads beyond the lungs, it can cause many symptoms. For example, neurological impairments and back pain may result from spinal tuberculosis.

Latent tuberculosis can develop in persons who do not appear to be unwell despite carrying the bacteria. As Natarajan et al. (2020) further espouse, those who are immune-compromised are at a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis from latent infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential due to the variety of probable symptoms associated with tuberculosis. A variety of diagnostic tests, including sputum cultures, imaging, and clinical evaluation, are used by healthcare professionals to confirm a case of tuberculosis (TB). Understanding the various signs of tuberculosis is crucial for early diagnosis and successful treatment.

Treatment of TB

Organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) provide thorough guidelines for the management and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Treatment for tuberculosis centers on the use of many antibiotics to combat the development of drug-resistant strains. Six months of treatment with the four medications isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide is standard for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (Furin et al., 2019). In the first two months, getting rid of bacteria as fast as possible is crucial. Following the initial phase of treatment with isoniazid and rifampin, a maintenance phase of four months is administered.

Adherence to the prescribed course of treatment is crucial in preventing treatment failure and the emergence of drug-resistant TB. The CDC and WHO support directly observed therapy (DOT), which requires patients to take their medications in the presence of a healthcare clinician or a licensed community health worker (Furin et al., 2019). In cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis, treatment with a combination of second-line drugs may last as long as 18-24 months. Follow-up visits are required for management because of the importance of closely monitoring the patient’s response to therapy and any potential side effects. According to Furin et al. (2019), modern methods also place an emphasis on integrating patient care services, including psychosocial support and nutritional assistance, to boost treatment outcomes. To stop the disease’s spread and lessen the impact of drug resistance, international, national, and local communities must work together. Continuous research and surveillance help improve treatment methods and adjust policies to meet the changing needs of tuberculosis management.

Complications of TB

When TB is poorly handled or not treated at all, it can cause several serious complications. Pulmonary complications include the formation of cavities, fibrosis of lung tissue, and respiratory failure (Koegelenberg et al., 2021). Meningitis, bone and joint infections, and genitourinary problems are some of the potential outcomes of disseminated tuberculosis. Drug-resistant strains offer challenges, needing prolonged therapy and raising the risk of adverse effects. In addition, people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are more susceptible to other infections because of TB. To lessen the toll that tuberculosis has on individuals and communities as a whole, prompt diagnosis, effective treatment, and all-encompassing healthcare are essential (Koegelenberg et al., 2021).

Demographics, Prevalence, Morbidity and Mortality

Inadequate healthcare access and low socioeconomic status are risk factors for tuberculosis (TB). Incidence is higher in locations with congested living conditions, low nutrition, and limited healthcare facilities. Those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at a greater risk of contracting tuberculosis. Furthermore, as Najafizada et al. (2020) note, in economically disadvantaged areas, morbidity is incredibly high because of the compounding effects of conditions like hunger and comorbidities.

In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. According to Najafizada et al. (2020), there is a significant socioeconomic divide in the impact of tuberculosis, with over 80% of infections and fatalities occurring in low- and middle-income nations. Infectious tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem. Despite progress, TB remains a significant cause of death and disability around the world, highlighting the critical need for efficient methods of therapy and prevention.

Determinants of Health Affecting TB

Health-related determinants have a significant effect on TB’s prevalence and severity. More people get tuberculosis because of socioeconomic variables, including poverty and limited access to healthcare. Malnutrition lowers disease resistance, making people more at risk for tuberculosis. The likelihood of contracting tuberculosis increases in overcrowded, poorly ventilated spaces. HIV/AIDS is a significant factor because it compromises the immune system, leaving people more susceptible to TB co-infection. Substance misuse and smoking both increase the likelihood of contracting tuberculosis and reduce the effectiveness of any subsequent therapy. Reducing the worldwide burden of tuberculosis requires public health measures that consider biological, social, economic, and behavioral aspects (Najafizada et al., 2020).

The Epidemiologic Triad

The epidemiologic triad for tuberculosis (TB) encompasses the host, agent, and environmental factors, providing a comprehensive understanding of the disease’s dynamics.

Host Factors

Host-related factors are characteristics of the host that increase or decrease susceptibility to TB. Age, immunological state, and co-morbidities like HIV/AIDS all have substantial effects. There is an increased risk of tuberculosis disease progression in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with impaired immune systems (Suárez et al., 2019). Factors such as food insecurity and population density disproportionately affect certain communities.

Agent Factors

This triad’s agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis since it is the disease’s causal agent. The agent’s toxicity and persistence stem, in part, from its slow growth rate and the unique composition of its cell wall. The bacterium’s ability to establish latent infections and evade the host’s immune system adds to the complexity of the agent.

Environmental Factors

The environment plays a major role in the spread of tuberculosis. When sick people congregate in close living spaces, the risk of exposure increases, especially in confined, poorly ventilated places. Environmental factors that affect tuberculosis prevalence and transmission in a given community include socioeconomic factors like poverty and restricted access to healthcare.

Role of the Public Health Nurse

The contributions of public health nurses at many points in the management of tuberculosis (TB) are crucial. They are instrumental in community education and awareness campaigns, highlighting TB prevention, symptoms, and the significance of obtaining timely healthcare. To aid in the early detection of tuberculosis, public health nurses participate in surveillance activities to identify new cases (Iriarte‐Roteta et al., 2020). These nurses play a crucial role in aiding the collection of reliable epidemiological data by reporting TB cases to public health officials. They are responsible for collecting and analyzing data thoroughly to spot disease patterns, high-risk groups, and problematic regions needing particular approaches. An individual’s adherence to their TB treatment plan and the development of any problems necessitates rigorous follow-up actions. Together, medical professionals and public health nurses perform contact investigations to identify and test potential tuberculosis patients. The success of TB control efforts in local communities relies heavily on the cooperation of people from all walks of life.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic inequalities, host vulnerabilities, and environmental variables all contribute to the persistence of tuberculosis (TB) as a worldwide health concern. Understanding TB dynamics requires an in-depth framework, and the epidemiologic triad recognizes the roles played by host susceptibility, the pathogenic agent, and environmental factors. Public health nurses play a crucial role in the fight against tuberculosis by educating the public, identifying cases, reporting statistics, and following up with patients. Their relevance highlights the need for an all-encompassing approach to combating tuberculosis, one that takes into account both the medical and socioeconomic variables that contribute to the disease’s proliferation.

References

Furin, J., Cox, H., & Pai, M. (2019). Tuberculosis. The Lancet, 393(10181), 1642–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30308-3

Iriarte‐Roteta, A., Lopez‐Dicastillo, O., Mujika, A., Ruiz‐Zaldibar, C., Hernantes, N., Bermejo‐Martins, E., & Pumar‐Méndez, M. J. (2020). Nurses’ role in health promotion and prevention: A critical interpretive synthesis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21-22). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15441

Koegelenberg, C. F. N., Schoch, O. D., & Lange, C. (2021). Tuberculosis: The past, the present and the future. Respiration, 100(7), 553–556. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516509

Najafizada, M., Rahman, A., Taufique, Q., & Sarkar, A. (2020). Social determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A scoping review and research gaps. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.09.016

Natarajan, A., Beena, P. M., Devnikar, A. V., & Mali, S. (2020). A systemic review on tuberculosis. The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 67(3), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.02.005

Sia, J. K., & Rengarajan, J. (2019). Immunology of mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Gram-Positive Pathogens, Third Edition, 7(4), 1056–1086. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0022-2018

Suárez, I., Fünger, S. M., Kröger, S., Rademacher, J., Fätkenheuer, G., & Rybniker, J. (2019). The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 116(43), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0729