Assignment: Treatment for Copd and What Pulmonary Functions Test Show and What Means 

Assignment: Treatment for Copd and What Pulmonary Functions Test Show and What Means 

Assignment: Treatment for Copd and What Pulmonary Functions Test Show and What Means 

 Coursework 

Inhaled bronchodilators are the mainstay of COPD treatment and include drugs like Beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and Methylxanthines. Beta-agonists like Albuterol aerosol relax bronchial smooth muscle and increase mucociliary clearance. Albuterol is the drug of choice for COPD (Fazleen & Wilkinson, 2020). Beta2 -agonists are primarily indicated for the relief of COPD symptoms. Short-acting beta2 -agonists are recommended for symptomatic relief of patients with mild, intermittent symptoms. Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) like Salmeterol, Formoterol, and Olodaterol are recommended for patients with nocturnal symptoms. LABAs improve exercise endurance, prevent nocturnal dyspnea, and improve quality of life.

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Anticholinergics relax the bronchial smooth muscle by competitively inhibiting muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, and M3). Ipratropium bromide is the most commonly prescribed Anticholinergic. It is a short-acting anticholinergic established to have equivalent or superior activity in patients with stable COPD compared to a beta2 agonist. It is combined with a beta2 agonist to produce a synergistic effect that results in bronchodilatation (Nici et al., 2020). Methylxanthines include Theophylline, which is administered to relax the smooth muscles of the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels. However, Theophylline is mainly used for patients with hard-to-control COPD or for those unable to use inhaled agents effectively.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are vital for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of COPD. If the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second over forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) is below 70% of that predicted for a matched control, it is diagnostic for a marked obstructive defect. FEV1/FVC < 70% and FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted mean mild COPD. FEV1/FVC < 70% and FEV1 of 30% -80% predicted indicate moderate COPD (Fazleen & Wilkinson, 2020). FEV1/FVC < 70% and FEV1 < 30% predicted or FEV1 < 50% means severe COPD. 

References

Fazleen, A., & Wilkinson, T. (2020). Early COPD: current evidence for diagnosis and management. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 14, 1753466620942128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753466620942128

Nici, L., Mammen, M. J., Charbek, E., Alexander, P. E., Au, D. H., Boyd, C. M., … & Aaron, S. D. (2020). Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 201(9), e56-e69. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0625ST