Assignment; Alterations in Cellular Processes Essay

Assignment; Alterations in Cellular Processes Essay

Assignment; Alterations in Cellular Processes Essay

In the case study provided, a 16-year-old male patient complained of having a sore throat for the previous three days when he visited the clinic. Moreover, the patient exhibits low-grade fever symptoms and has a mildly raised respiratory rate. Physical examination indicates both posterior and anterior cervical adenopathy in addition to a reddish posterior pharynx containing white exudate on swollen tonsils. Positive results from laboratory tests indicate streptococcal infection. Amoxicillin, an antibiotic that was recommended for the patient, caused swelling of his tongue and lips, as well as wheezing, and breathing problems after he took the first pill, suggesting an allergic reaction.

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The Role Genetics Plays in the Disease

According to research, persons who have numerous strep infections in a single year may have genetic characteristics that make it more difficult for their bodies to fight the illness (Soderholm et al., 2018). The individuals consequently showed symptoms of an amoxicillin allergy. Children born into families with a history of allergic disorders are more likely to experience allergic reactions, according to genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The pathophysiology of allergies may be related to certain gene changes that change the encoding of cytokines produced by epithelial cells, such as interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

Why the Patient is Presenting with the Specific Symptoms

The patient in the case study is strep throat positive. The most frequent cause of strep throat is Group A strep pharyngitis, which adheres to the mucosa of the pharynx and releases a variety of cytolysins and proteases that cause inflammation and the presenting symptoms, such as a sore throat, low-grade fever, and a reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on enlarged tonsils (Mishra et al., 2018). Penicillin allergy caused the immediate signs and symptoms that appeared after taking amoxicillin.

The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.

The patient displayed immediate signs and symptoms of a penicillin allergy, including swelling of his tongue and lips, wheezing, and breathing difficulties. Penicillin has beta-lactam and thiazolidine ring structures that are broken down into minor (penicillin, penicilloate, and penilloate) and major (penicilloyl) antigenic determinants (Blumenthal et al., 2019). Minor antigenic determinants are responsible for eliciting IgE-specific responses, which result in an immediate reaction within less than an hour, as evidenced by the patient’s symptoms listed above (A & Zito, 2019).

The cells that are involved in this process

The manifestation of the causative microorganisms causes an innate and adaptive immune response, which results in inflammation and the symptoms displayed by the patient (Soderholm et al., 2018). As a result of strep throat, the cellular mediators of innate immunity include epithelial cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and neutrophils, which result in the production of soluble inflammatory mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The activation of CD4+ T cells is linked to the allergic response.

How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response

Other than genetics, other factors associated with strep throat include young age, close contact in schools, and the time of year. The patient’s symptoms could have been worse if it had been in the winter or early spring (Mishra et al., 2018). Additionally, young adults who are in close contact with children are also at risk of this condition.

References

A, A., & Zito, P. M. (2019, February 19). Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

Blumenthal, K. G., Peter, J. G., Trubiano, J. A., & Phillips, E. J. (2019). Antibiotic allergy. The Lancet, 393(10167), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9

Mishra, A., Nam, G. H., Gim, J. A., Lee, H. E., Jo, A., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Current challenges of Streptococcus infection and effective molecular, cellular, and environmental control methods in aquaculture. Molecules and Cells, 41(6), 495. DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2154

Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., & Walker, M. J. (2018). Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS‐associated immunopathologies. Journal of leukocyte biology, 103(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.4MR0617-227RR

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Here is the discussion scenario with instructions for Week One! Be sure to read the requirements and review the rubric.

A 16-year-old boy comes to clinic with chief complaint of sore throat for 3 days. Denies fever or chills. PMH negative for recurrent colds, influenza, ear infections or pneumonias. NKDA or food allergies. Physical exam reveals temp of 99.6 F, pulse 78 and regular with respirations of 18. HEENT normal with exception of reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+. Positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy. Rapid strep test performed in office was positive. His HCP wrote a prescription for amoxicillin 500 mg po q 12 hours x 10 days disp #20. He took the first capsule when he got home and immediately complained of swelling of his tongue and lips, difficulty breathing with audible wheezing. 911 was called and he was taken to the hospital, where he received emergency treatment for his allergic reaction.

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

• The role genetics plays in the disease.
• Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
• The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
• The cells that are involved in this process.
• How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response

For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

• The role genetics plays in the disease.
• Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
• The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
• The cells that are involved in this process.
• How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
• course resources linked below