Assignment: Annotated Bibliography: Application of Clinical Systems to Improve Clinical Outcomes and Efficiencies

Assignment: Annotated Bibliography: Application of Clinical Systems to Improve Clinical Outcomes and Efficiencies

Assignment: Annotated Bibliography: Application of Clinical Systems to Improve Clinical Outcomes and Efficiencies

New technology—and the application of existing technology—only appears in healthcare settings after careful and significant research. The stakes are high, and new clinical systems need to offer evidence of positive impact on outcomes or efficiencies.

Nurse informaticists and healthcare leaders formulate clinical system strategies. As these strategies are often based on technology trends, informaticists and others have then benefited from consulting existing research to inform their thinking.

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In this Assignment, you will review existing research focused on the application of clinical systems. After reviewing, you will summarize your findings.

Review the Resources and reflect on the impact of clinical systems on outcomes and efficiencies within the context of nursing practice and healthcare delivery.
Conduct a search for recent (within the last 5 years) research focused on the application of clinical systems. The research should provide evidence to support the use of one type of clinical system to improve outcomes and/or efficiencies, such as “the use of personal health records or portals to support patients newly diagnosed with diabetes.”
Identify and select 4 peer-reviewed research articles from your research.

In a 4- to 5-page paper, synthesize the peer-reviewed research you reviewed. Format your Assignment as an Annotated Bibliography. Be sure to address the following:

Identify the 4 peer-reviewed research articles you reviewed, citing each in APA format.
Include an introduction explaining the purpose of the paper.
Summarize each study, explaining the improvement to outcomes, efficiencies, and lessons learned from the application of the clinical system each peer-reviewed article described. Be specific and provide examples.
In your conclusion, synthesize the findings from the 4 peer-reviewed research articles.
Use APA format and include a title page.

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Annotated Bibliography: Application of Clinical Systems to Improve Clinical Outcomes and Efficiencies

            The introduction of technology in healthcare was one of the most revolutionary achievements in the history of healthcare delivery. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report of 1999 that was given the title To Err Is Human was the most important trigger that spurred the introduction of technology to healthcare. In the report, it was stated that at the time approximately up to 98,000 preventable deaths were occurring in hospitals due solely to errors (preventable in themselves) committed by healthcare professionals like nurses and physicians (Palatnik, 2016). The report strongly recommended the introduction of technology to help reduce these errors. Since then, legislation has been passed and the specialty of nurse informaticists formed. Novel technologies have since been innovated, making healthcare delivery better and safer. The primary platform for these is the electronic health record or EHR system (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). Presently, the use of EHR systems is mandated and these have to be interoperable. This means that they have to be accessible with permission by other healthcare providers who may need to see the previous records of patients they are treating. This requirement has been placed so that care fragmentation can be prevented. Care fragmentation has been one of the most important causes of prescription errors as well as other errors such as repeated/ unnecessary tests. In all, clinical systems have now revolutionized healthcare such that clinical patient outcome and healthcare worker efficiencies have tremendously improved (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017; Wang et al., 2018). A number of innovative clinical systems have made this possible. This paper is an annotated bibliography of four studies on some of these clinical systems that have been used before to improve outcomes and efficiencies.

The Annotated Bibliography of Studies

            The following is an annotated bibliography that looks at four recent articles published within the past 5 years and presenting the findings of trials of some of the new innovative technological systems in healthcare. 

Fedele, D.A., Cushing, C.C., Fritz, A., Amaro, C.M., & Ortega, A. (2017). Mobile health interventions for improving health outcomes in youth. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(5), 461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0042

The researchers in this case studied the effects of the use of mobile phones especially among the youth in delivering health messages. The study was a meta-analysis that scrutinized the effect that mobile phone technology has on the health attitudes and practices of the youth. The mobile phone technology clearly improved outcomes as a large number of the youth could be reached within a very short time and merely by sending a single text that would then go to multiple persons at the same time. Fedele et al. (2017) have then proved that mobile telecommunications is one of the clinical systems that can be employed to improve patient outcomes and also improve greatly the efficiencies of the healthcare personnel delivering the care. Its use in this study demonstrated that it makes healthcare service delivery more patient-centered, more effective, safer, more equitable, efficient, and timelier (AHRQ, 2018). The young people studied showed a difference in the way they responded to health messages and the overall impact is that the messages had an effect on the changing to healthy behavior.    

Alotaibi, Y., & Federico, F. (2017). The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi Medical Journal, 38(12), 1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631

The researchers Alotaibi and Federico (2017) have detailed an analysis of a total of 14 clinical systems that they found to be important in improving patient outcomes and efficiencies in clinical practice. All these systems are based on the EHR platform and they can all interface with each other. These clinical systems have made healthcare safer because they prevent the errors that were mentioned in the 1999 IOM report from occurring. For instance, one of the clinical systems presented by this article is the Computerized Provider Order Entry or CPOE. By using this clinical system, the prescriber is able to order medications with the correct dosages and duration. This is because the system has an inbuilt pharmacopia that guides the prescriber on the correct medications and dosages. Also, there is the Computerized Clinical Decision Support (CCDS). This one alerts the prescriber when they are about to make a double prescription or prescribe a medication that had been cancelled previously. By considering all these, it is clear just how these clinical systems are making patients safe by preventing human errors. The other clinical systems studied by this article include the patient data management system (PDMS), electronic medication administration record (eMAR), and bar code medication administration (BCMA) amongst others. The lesson learned in this study is that there is great potential in technological applications as far as patient safety is concerned.  

Rao-Gupta, S., Kruger, D., Leak, L.D., Tieman, L.A., & Manworren, R.C.B. (2018). Leveraging interactive patient care technology to improve pain management engagement. Pain Management Nursing, 19(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2017.11.002 

The researchers Rao-Gupta et al. (2018) studied the application of technological clinical systems in the management of chronic pain. For effective management of chronic pain such as that of cancer patients, it is essential that the correct combination of analgesics is prescribed. The clinical system studied by these researchers showed that automation of the process with an inbuilt algorithm is a very effective and efficient way of improving efficiencies and patient outcomes as far as chronic pain management is concerned. The important lesson that has been learnt from this particular study is that there are many ways in which novel technologies can be harnessed and used to improve care and patient outcomes. The technologies make the healthcare workers more efficient and less error-prone. In a nutshell, they streamline the delivery of healthcare and make it safer.    

Islam, M.M., Poly, T.N., & Li, Y.-C. (2018). Recent advancement of clinical information systems: Opportunities and challenges. Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 27(01), 083–090. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667075

The researchers Islam et al. (2017) sought to determine just how significant healthcare data systems are in getting the best health outcomes and improving efficiencies. What they discovered was that indeed clinical systems have been instrumental in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare workers. They have also been effective in helping prevent errors that could have otherwise led to preventable deaths and morbidity. The lesson learnt from this article is that innovative technologies as applied to healthcare are instrumental in error prevention and the safety of patients.   

Conclusion

            The advent of healthcare technologies was spurred by serious findings on the safety of patients by organizations such as the IOM. In its landmark report of 1999 christened To Err Is Human, the IOM opened the lid on what had been going on for many years – the death of patients as a result of human errors. To date, there have been tremendous developments and many clinical systems are now available to improve efficiencies and lead to exceptional patient outcomes. This annotated bibliography has highlighted some of these clinical systems.   

  References

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ] (2018). Six domains of health care quality. https://www.ahrq.gov/talkingquality/measures/six-domains.html

Alotaibi, Y., & Federico, F. (2017). The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi Medical Journal, 38(12), 1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631

Fedele, D.A., Cushing, C.C., Fritz, A., Amaro, C.M., & Ortega, A. (2017). Mobile health interventions for improving health outcomes in youth. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(5), 461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0042

Islam, M.M., Poly, T.N., & Li, Y.-C. (2018). Recent advancement of clinical information systems: Opportunities and challenges. Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 27(01), 083–090. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667075

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K.G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge, 4th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Palatnik, A. (2016). To err is human. Nursing Critical Care, 11(5), 4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCN.0000490961.44977.8d

Rao-Gupta, S., Kruger, D., Leak, L.D., Tieman, L.A., & Manworren, R.C.B. (2018). Leveraging interactive patient care technology to improve pain management engagement. Pain Management Nursing, 19(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2017.11.002

Wang, Y., Kung, L., & Byrd, T.A. (2018). Big data analytics: Understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 126(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.019