Assignment: Benchmark – Part B: Literature Review Research Paper

Assignment: Benchmark – Part B: Literature Review Research Paper

Assignment: Benchmark – Part B: Literature Review Research Paper

In Part A, you described the population and quality initiative related to your PICOT (Population/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time to achieve the outcome) statement. In this assignment, you will formalize your PICOT and research process.

Use the GCU Library to perform a search for peer-reviewed research articles. Find five peer-reviewed primary source translational research articles.

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In a paper of 1,250-1,500 words, synthesize the research into a literature review. The literature review should provide an overview for the reader that illustrates the research related to your particular PICOT. Include the following:

Introduction: Describe the clinical issue or problem you are addressing.
Methods: Describe the criteria you used in choosing your articles
Synthesize the Literature: Part A: Discuss the main components of each article (subjects, methods, key findings) and provide rationale for how this supports your PICOT; Part B: Compare and contrast the articles: Discuss limitations, controversies, and similarities/differences of the studies.
Areas of Further Study: Analyze the evidence presented in your articles to identify what is known, unknown, and requires further study.
You are required to cite five to 10 sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

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Benchmark – Part B: Literature Review

Introduction

            The selected clinical issue is the noticeable difference in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rates within minority groups, including Blacks/ African Americans and Latinos/ Hispanics. Ethnicity and race are linked to human ancestry. The race is defined as a group of people with specific distinctive common physical traits, such as hair texture and skin colour. Ethnicity involves categorizing various groups of people according to a common language, race, tribe, religion, background or cultural origin (Blakemore, 2020). Ethnic and racial minorities are one of the fastest-growing communities in the United States. Yet, figures on health status have revealed poorer health outcomes among racial and ethnic minorities regarding death and preventable diseases (National Curriculum of HIV, 2021).

 Hispanics and Blacks noticeably outnumber all other racial and ethnic groups. In the year 2018, African American represented only 13% of the entire population, but they accounted for 41% of people living with HIV. Latinos represent 15% of the people, but they accounted for 23% of people living with HIV. Asians made up 6% of people and accounted for 1.5%.  This disparity also exists in the new HIV infection rates. Subpopulations within these ethnic groups are more adversely affected.  Men who have sex with men are affected the most. They represent 70% of all new HIV infections, even though they only make up 2% of the entire population (National Curriculum of HIV, 2021). Despite medical advances in the treatment of HIV, minority groups continue to be one of public health biggest concerns. The minority health is affected by several variables, thus causing the high rate of HIV infections among this ethnic group. Therefore, the proposed PICOT question focuses on addressing the high quality of HIV infection among minorities in the US.

Methods

Various strategies were used to select articles for this study. First, major nursing databases and websites, including CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, and PubMed, were searched for the required articles. Secondly, some keywords, including minorities, health disparity, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), HIV prevalence among the minorities, Hispanics, Blacks, population demographics were used in the search process. A total of 100 studies, such as reviews, RCT, quasi-experimental, and meta-analysis, were reviewed for the study. Ten studies that met the selection criteria, including being conducted with the last five years, were selected for this study.

Synthesize the Literature

Part A: A Discussion of the Main Components of each Article

            A study by Noonan et al. (2016) focuses on how social justice can improve African Americans’ health in the USA. The methodology of this study was a review of the national statistics and literature on African American health. The key findings indicate that the Blacks’ health can be improved through various factors, including social development programs, engaging African Americans in decision and policy-making, investing in their education, and enhancing their access to health care. This article supports the PICOT since it reveals that African Americans’ health can be improved by expanding access to quality care services in the US. Another study was conducted by Donna Hubbard McCree et al. (2016) focuses on strategies for attaining health equity goals among the racial/ethnic minority communities in the US. The authors reviewed previous articles, including RCT, quasi-experimental, and meta-analysis, in this study. The study findings indicate that the health equity goals among the racial/ethnic minority communities in the US can be attained through health equity efforts. This article supports the PICOT since it claims that health equity efforts can support achieving the health equity goals among the racial/ethnic minority communities in the US.

            Furthermore, Lang and Bird (2015) conducted a study to examine the primary cause of racial health disparities concentration of the cases of HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular disease among African Americans. This study was based on reviews of previous literature. Study findings indicate that health disparities among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals are attributed to some socioeconomic factors. Therefore, this article supports the PICOT since it reveals that health disparities among socioeconomically disadvantaged community members are attributed to socioeconomic factors such as lack of funds to cater to their out-off pocket and purchase health insurance covers. A study was conducted by Guilamo-Ramos et al. (2020) evaluated the HIV crisis among Hispanic/Latino in the US. The study involves reviewing statistics about HIV infections among Hispanics in the US. The study findings indicate that the US HIV epidemic can be addressed by reinforcing national efforts, particularly making HIV treatment available for HIV-positive Hispanics/Latinos. Therefore, this article supports the PICOT question since it points out that HIV treatment as the major strategy of improving HIV-positive Hispanics/Latinos’ health status.

            Shrage (2016) also conducted a study to assess mass incarceration and HIV infections among African Americans. This study was based on the reviews of previous articles on this subject matter. The study findings indicate that HIV infection among African Americans is relatively high than that of other ethnic groups. Thus, this article supports the PICOT question since it reveals the high prevalence of HIV among African Americans. Moreover, Baciu (2017) conducted a study to evaluate the condition of health disparities in the US. Upon reviewing the previous studies on the subject matter, the author found that healthcare disparity among minorities is caused by provider-related discrimination. This article relates to the PICOT question since it indicates that health disparities among the minorities are caused by a lack of access to quality care due to provider-related discrimination. American Heart Association (2019) evaluated the dangers of health disparities in resolving them urgently in the US. The study was based on the available data about cardiovascular diseases among minorities. The study findings reveal that health disparities among minorities are associated with the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among these ethnicities. Therefore, this article supports the PICOT question since it attributes the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among minorities to health disparities.

            Another study by Uluğ and Tropp (2020) focused on understanding how collective action could resolve racial discrimination by promoting racial justice in the US. They tested three studies to assess if Whites would be willing to participate in collective action to promote racial justice in the country. The study findings indicate Whites are willing to promote racial justice by engaging in collective action. This article supports the PICOT question since it reveals racial discrimination against minorities in the US. Causadias et al. (2019) in their studies assessed racial discrimination against minorities in the United States. The study findings indicate that racial discrimination in the US is relatively high, leading to poor health among these ethnic groups. It involved a review of previous studies on this subject. This article supports the PICOT question since it reveals the connection between racial discrimination against minorities and their poor health. Finally, Bleich et al. (2019) focused on discrimination experienced by black Americans in the United States. The study was based on the findings of previous randomized trials. The study findings indicate that black Americans experience racial discrimination in the United States. Therefore, this article supports the PICOT question since it reveals racial discrimination against Blacks in the country.

Part B: Comparison of the Articles

            These studies are characterized by various aspects, including similarities, differences, limitations, and controversies. These ten articles are similar since they were based on racial discrimination experienced by minorities in the US. Additionally, their study findings support racial discrimination against minorities in the US, leading to health disparities. However, these articles differ in various aspects. First, some studies focus on the minority groups in general, such as Donna Hubbard McCree et al. (2016) and Uluğ and Tropp (2020). On the other hand, some studies focus on particular minority groups, such as Shrage (2016), Guilamo-Ramos ea al. (2020), and Lang and Bird (2015). On controversies, most articles indicate that whites cause discrimination against minorities in the US. On the contrary, some studies such as Uluğ and Tropp (2020) suggest that whites are against racial discrimination in the US and are willing to participate in collective action to promote racial justice in the country. Lastly, these studies have various limitations. The major limitation is the failure of the reviewed articles to provide the required data. Another critical limitation is basing the study on a particular minority group such as Bleich et al. (2020), Shrage (2016), and Guilamo-Ramos et al. (2020). In this case, it is relatively challenging to generalize study findings to account for other minority groups.

References

American Heart Association. (2019). The Dangers of Health Disparities and the Urgent Need to Address Them. American Heart Association. https://www.hcplive.com/view/the-dangers-of-health-disparitiesand-the-urgent-need-to-address-them

Baciu, A. (2017). The State of Health Disparities in the United States. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/

Blakemore, E., (2019). Race and ethnicity explained. National Geographic. https:// HIV in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations – Core Concepts (uw.edu)

Bleich, S., Findling, M, G., Casey, L, S., & Blendon, R, J. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans. Health Services Research Suppl 2(7)

Causadias, J, M., Korous, K, M., & Denny, T. (2019). Racial Discrimination in the United States: A National Health Crisis that Demands a National Health Solution. Journal of Adolescent Health; 64 (2019) 147e148.

Donna Hubbard McCree, P et al. (2016). An Approach to Achieving the Health Equity Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States Among Racial/Ethnic Minority Communities. Public Health Rep; 131(4): 526–530. doi: 10.1177/0033354916662209

Guilamo-Ramos, V., Thimm-Kaiser, M., Benzekri, A., Chacón, G., López, O, R., Scaccabarrozzi, L., & Rios, E. (2020). The Invisible US Hispanic/Latino HIV Crisis: Addressing Gaps in the National Response. American Journal of Public Health. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305309

Lang, M, E & Bird, C, E. (2015). Understanding and Addressing the Common Roots of Racial Health Disparities: The Case of Cardiovascular Disease and HIV/AIDS in African Americans. The Journal of Law-Medicine, 25 (1): 109-138. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1020&context=healthmatrix

National HIV Curriculum, (2021). HIV in ethnic and racial minority populations. https:// HIV in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations – Core Concepts (uw.edu)

Noonan, A, S., Velasco-Mondragon, H, E & Wagner, F, A. (2016). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Reviews, 37 (12): 1-20. DOI 10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4

Shrage, L. (2016). African Americans, HIV, and mass incarceration. The Lancet; 388 (10049). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30830-3.

Uluğ, O, M & Tropp, L, R. (2020). Witnessing racial discrimination shapes collective action for racial justice: Enhancing awareness of privilege among advantaged groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.