Case Study Analysis Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process that Result in the Patient Presenting these Symptoms Essay

Case Study Analysis Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process that Result in the Patient Presenting these Symptoms Essay

Case Study Analysis Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process that Result in the Patient Presenting these Symptoms Essay

In the case study, the 55-year-old male patient, who was initially diagnosed with Asthma, complains of persistent cough, Chest tightness, severe chest pain, lightheadedness, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms indicate that the patient was suffering from acute myocardial infarction (MI). Birnbach et al. (2020) reveal that the common symptoms of patients with acute myocardial infarction include chest pains, shortness of breath, fever, unconsciousness, chest tightness, lightheadedness, and nausea. Besides the symptoms, high blood pressure, old age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and Asthma are among the risk factors for myocardial infarction. In this case, old age and Asthma are some of the factors that may have exposed the patient to MI. The test results confirmed that the patient had an acute myocardial infarction. According to Birnbach et al. (2020), the troponin level of a patient suffering from MI is more than 0.04 monograms per milliliter. Additionally, the elevation of the ST segment on the EKG indicates MI.

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The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiology process that results in the patient presenting these symptoms involves the decrease or blockage of blood flow into the coronary artery, causing reduced blood flow to the heart muscles. The blockage of a coronary artery for more than 30 minutes led to acute myocardial infarction. Reduced blood flow causes oxygen deficiency in the heart muscle and affects blood circulation throughout the body. This results in various symptoms, such as lightheadedness and sweating. The blockage of blood flow in the coronary artery also causes tissue damage (Smit et al., 2020). Hence, the patient felt severe chest pain due to tissue damage. In addition, limited blood flow in the heart muscle causes difficulties in breathing. The patient was unconscious due to heart failure that was triggered by difficulties in blood pumping and breathing. The other symptom was persistent coughing. Heart failure causes the accumulation of air and fluids in the lungs that initiate coughing. Furthermore, the electrocardiogram (EKG) showed an elevation in the ST segment. The elevation in the ST segment was due to the blockage of the coronary artery that caused an abrupt interruption of blood supply to the myocardium.

Racial/Ethnic Variables that May Impact Physiological Functioning

Hispanics and African Americans are more likely to suffer from myocardial infarction due to various prevalent risk factors in their communities. For instance, high blood pressure is among the most prevalent chronic diseases in Hispanic and African American communities. Chi et al. (2020) reveal that high blood pressure is one of the risk factors for MI. Other risk factors for MI prevalent in African and Hispanic American communities include diabetes and obesity.  Besides Hispanic and African Americans, American Indians are at a high risk of developing myocardial infarction due to the prevalence of smoking than other racial/ethnic groups. According to Chi et al. (2020), American Indians have the highest smoking rate of 7.5%.

How the Processes Interact to Affect the Patient

Blockage of blood flow in one or more coronary arteries results in a range of deficiencies that interact to affect the patient. Prolonged blockage of blood into the heart causes damage to the heart muscles. This compromises results in chest pains (Smit et al., 2020). Also, limited blood flow into the heart affects the blood pumping and circulation of oxygen throughout the body. As a result, the limited blood supply causes dizziness and exercise sweating. Deficiencies in blood pumping also cause air and fluid accumulation in the lungs. The effect of excessive air and fluid in the lungs include persistent coughing and difficulties in breathing.

References

Birnbach, B., Höpner, J., & Mikolajczyk, R. (2020). Cardiac symptom attribution and knowledge of the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20(1), 1-12. doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01714-8

Chi, G. C., Kanter, M. H., Li, B. H., Qian, L., Reading, S. R., Harrison, T. N., … & Reynolds, K. (2020). Trends in acute myocardial infarction by race and ethnicity. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(5), e013542. doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.013542

Smit, M., Coetzee, A. R., & Lochner, A. (2020). The pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and perioperative myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 34(9), 2501-2512. doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005

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You will use the following case study to and develop a 1-2 page paper. Be sure to also include a title and reference page. In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Case Study:

A 55-year-old high school teacher begins experiencing a cough after a parent-teachers conference. Initially it was a mild cough and the teacher thought nothing of it since he had a history of asthma. As he was driving home, the cough became more intense, and he began experiencing chest tightness. He used his rescue inhaler as usual but did not get any relief. Minutes later he began experiencing chest pain, unlike the tightness that he experienced with his asthma. He began to sweat profusely, experience light-headedness and difficulty breathing. He attempted to pull into a park but passed out and struck the curve causing his vehicle to come to a stop. A passerby saw the incident and called 9-1-1. On the scene, the paramedic found the man unconscious. His EKG revealed ST segment elevation in the anterior leads (V3 and V4), his pulse was shallow, and respirations were 10 breaths/min. Upon arrival to the ER, a troponin level was 13ng/l and his CK level was 265 U/L.

Case Study Analysis Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process that Result in the Patient Presenting these Symptoms Essay

Develop a 1- to 2- page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.	30 to >27.0 pts Excellent The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. … The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	27 to >24.0 pts Good The response describes the patient symptoms. … The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.		24 to >22.0 pts Fair The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate……. The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.	22 to >0 pts Poor The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing…… The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.	30 pts
Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.	30 to >27.0 pts Excellent The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.	27 to >24.0 pts Good The response includes an accurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.		24 to >22.0 pts Fair The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.	22 to >0 pts Poor The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.	30 pts
Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.	25 to >22.0 pts Excellent The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic	22 to >19.0 pts Good The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological	19 to >17.0 pts Fair The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or		17 to >0 pts Poor The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the	25 pts

	variables that           functioning              explanations based       explanations are may impact              supported by           on inappropriate            based on physiological           evidence and/or       evidence/research.        inappropriate or no functioning               research, as                                                evidence/research. supported by           appropriate, to evidence and/or       support the research, as             explanation. appropriate, to support the explanation.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well- developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused —neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.	5 to >4.0 pts                 4 to >3.0 pts              3 to >2.0 pts             2 to >0 pts Excellent                      Good                         Fair                           Poor Paragraphs and             Paragraphs and Paragraphs and   Paragraphs and sentences follow                            sentences follow    sentences follow    sentences follow writing standards for  writing standards writing standards writing flow, continuity, and       for flow, continuity,     for flow,                    standards for clarity. … A clear and      and clarity 80% of      continuity, and           flow, continuity, comprehensive              the time. …                 clarity 60%–79%        and clarity < purpose statement,        Purpose,                    of the time. …            60% of the time. introduction, and            introduction, and         Purpose,                   … No purpose conclusion are               conclusion of the        introduction, and        statement, provided that                 assignment are           conclusion of the       introduction, or delineate all required      stated, yet are            assignment are          conclusion were criteria.                          brief and not               vague or off topic.     provided. descriptive.				5 pts
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation	5 to >4.0 pts Excellent Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.	4 to >3.0 pts Good Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	3 to >2.0 pts Fair Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	2 to >0 pts Poor Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.	5 pts

Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in- text citations, and reference list.	5 to >4.0 pts Excellent Uses correct APA format with no errors.	4 to >3.0 pts Good Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.	3 to >2.0 pts Fair Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.	2 to >0 pts Poor Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.