MN551 Unit 2 Assignment 2 Purdue University Global

MN551 Unit 2 Assignment 2 Purdue University Global

MN551 Unit 2 Assignment 2 Purdue University Global

Select one of the case studies below for your assignment. In your discussion, be sure to integrate your knowledge of advanced pathophysiology across the lifespan with the clinical implications for the advanced practice nurse

Case Study Assignment Requirements:

Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.
Cite at least three references in your case study paper; this may include peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, or evidence-based practice websites to support the content.
All reference sources must be within 5 years.
Do not use sources such as Wikipedia or UpToDate as a reference.
Assignments must have at least four full pages of analytic content, double-spaced (the cover and reference pages do not count in the page count, but must be included with the assignment), and follow APA 7th edition format.

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Case Study 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Maria is a sedentary, 68-year-old woman who is overweight. She complains that her hands and feet are always cold, and she tires quickly when cleaning the house. At her most recent visit to her doctor, her blood pressure was 184/98 mm Hg. She has edema around her ankles and legs, and her physician is concerned about an echocardiogram that indicates Maria has an enlarged heart.

1. Identify two reasons why Maria will have tissue ischemia. How might this lead to hypoxia?
2. What are the two early and reversible changes that occur to tissue cells when they are hypoxic?
3. What specific type of cellular adaptation has taken place in Maria’s enlarged heart? What made you come to this conclusion?

Before finalizing your work, it is important to:

• Review Case Study Assignment Requirements (described above) and the Case Study Assignment Grading Rubric (under the Course Resources), to ensure you have completed all required elements of the assignment.
• Make sure to review your chosen case study carefully to make sure you have effectively answered all questions asked.
• Spelling and grammar checks to minimize errors.
• Follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.).
• Make sure your assignment is original, insightful, and utilizes your logic and critical thinking skills; that your assignment is well-organized, with superior content, style, and mechanics.
• Utilize APA 7th edition format.
• Be diligent about APA formatting including paraphrasing and direct quotations, utilizing appropriate in-text citations, and referencing your sources.
  How to Submit
• Submit your assignment to the Unit 2 Assignment 2 Dropbox by the end of the unit.

When you are ready to submit your assignment select the Unit 2 Assignment 2 Dropbox. Make sure to save a copy of the assignment you submit. Please be sure to confirm that your file uploaded correctly.

Case Study 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death Answer By OUR TOP WRITER
1. Identify reasons why Maria will have tissue ischemia. How might this lead to hypoxia?
Tissue ischemia is an outcome of altered and reduced oxygen supply to tissue and organs. According to Zamorano et al. (2021), the primary cause of tissue ischemia is multifactorial arterial clogging and blockage, especially in patients with chronic conditions, including hypertension. Maria, a 68-year-old woman is sedentary, overweight, and has edema around her ankles and legs. She is grappling with high blood pressure (184/98 mm Hg) and complains about tiredness after cleaning the house and having cold hands and feet. Overweight, hypertension and limb edema are risk factors for tissue ischemia since they contribute to inadequate tissue perfusion.
Inadequate tissue perfusion due to unaddressed ischemia would lead to hypoxia. According to Chen et al. (2020), hypoxia is a condition characterized by significantly insufficient oxygen levels to sustain cellular functions. Acute and chronic hypoxia trigger multiple adaptive cellular reactions that are either reversible or irreversible. Examples of long-term effects of chronic hypoxia include angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer cell proliferation in cancer patients.
2. What are the two early and reversible changes that occur to tissue cells when they are hypoxic?
Hypoxic cell tissues are susceptible to multiple changes associated with adaptive cellular reactions to impaired oxygen delivery and inadequate tissue perfusion. While these changes may be irreversible, some early reactions and changes are reversible. Mitochondrial swelling and lactic acid production are among the reversible changes in hypoxic tissue cells. Pham et al. (2021) argue that hypoxia-induced inflammation is a common aspect due to the cellular transcriptional response to oxygen deficiency. Equally, tissue cells produce lactic acid during hypoxia to compensate for insufficient ATP production. According to Li et al. (2021), acute hypoxia significantly inhibits the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to impaired ATP production. Cell swelling and lactic acid production can be reversed through emergency strategies, including supplemental oxygen therapy.
3. What specific type of cellular adaptation has taken place in Maria’s enlarged heart? What made you come to this conclusion?
Maria’s echocardiogram data indicate that she has an enlarged heart. Cardiac hypertrophy is the most likely cellular adaptation characterized by an enlarged heart. Oldfield et al. (2020) argue that this condition is either physiological or adaptive depending on the nature of pressure inflicted on heart muscles. Physical cardiac hypertrophy occurs due to bodily growth, muscular response to exercise, or pregnancy. On the other hand, adaptive cardiac hypertrophy is a consequence of multiple cardiac dysfunctions, including exacerbated hemodynamic overload and altered systolic and diastolic functions (Oldfield et al., 2020). In Maria’s case, adaptive cardiac hypertrophy emanates from pathological stress associated with various risk factors, including hypertension and overweight (Liao et al., 2021). If left unalleviated, adaptive cardiac hypertrophy can become maladaptive, exposing the patient to detrimental consequences.

References
Chen, P.-S., Chiu, W.-T., Hsu, P.-L., Lin, S.-C., Peng, I-Chen., Wang, C.-Y., & Tsai, S.-J. (2020). Pathophysiological implications of hypoxia in human diseases. Journal of Biomedical Science, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-00658-7
Li, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Lin, X., Fu, X., An, Y., Zou, Y., Wang, J.-X., Wang, Z., & Yu, T. (2022). Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01151-3
Liao, Y.-Y., Gao, K., Fu, B.-W., Yang, L., Zhu, W.-J., Ma, Q., Chu, C., Yan, Y., Wang, Y., Zheng, W.-L., Hu, J.-W., Wang, K.-K., Sun, Y., Chen, C., & Mu, J.-J. (2021). Risk factors for electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in a young Chinese general population: The Hanzhong adolescent cohort study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-01966-y
Oldfield, C. J., Duhamel, T. A., & Dhalla, N. S. (2020). Mechanisms for the transition from physiological to pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 98(2), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0566
Pham, K., Parikh, K., & Heinrich, E. C. (2021). Hypoxia and inflammation: Insights from high-altitude physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.676782
Zamorano, M., Castillo, R. L., Beltran, J. F., Herrera, L., Farias, J. A., Antileo, C., Aguilar-Gallardo, C., Pessoa, A., Calle, Y., & Farias, J. G. (2021). Tackling ischemic reperfusion injury with the aid of stem cells and tissue engineering. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.705256