MN 551 Unit 4 Discussion: Purdue University Global
MN 551 Unit 4 Discussion: Purdue University Global
Two-week-old Tabitha has infant respiratory distress syndrome. Eighty-year-old Anthony has emphysema, and 50-year-old Jenny has pulmonary fibrosis.
Q. Two-week-old Tabitha has infant respiratory distress syndrome. Eighty-year-old Anthony has emphysema, and 50-year-old Jenny has pulmonary fibrosis. Why are the mechanics of breathing greatly compromised in all of these cases?
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Infant respiratory syndrome, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis significantly compromise the victims’ breathing mechanics despite possessing different etiological and pathological processes. Infant respiratory syndrome is a disease of progressive atelectasis that accompanies immaturity of the lungs among newborns. According to Donn et al. (2022), the pathophysiological features of this condition include biochemical and anatomical abnormalities that are an outcome of surfactant deficiency. In this case, disproportionate or deficient surfactant production interferes with normal gaseous exchange by increasing the tension of the alveoli surface and decreasing the number of functional alveoli (Donn et al., 2022). Other abnormalities associated with infant respiratory syndrome that significantly affect infants’ breathing mechanics include septal wall thickness and increased distance between the alveolus and adjacent capillaries, creating a diffusion barrier.
On the other hand, emphysema is a structural change in patients grappling with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This condition affects breathing mechanisms by destroying alveolar air sacs and the subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages that facilitate inflammatory processes (Agarwal et al., 2023). Exposure to smoke, air pollution, and other triggers exacerbate these inflammatory reactions in patients with emphysema (World Health Organization, 2023). Therefore, the clinical manifestation of this condition includes wheezing, breathing complications, phlegm production, and tiredness.
Finally, pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive respiratory condition that is prevalent among adults and older adults. Genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental pollutants, cigarette smoking, and aging are the crucial risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis (Mei et al., 2022). This condition affects breathing processes by distorting lung architecture and contributing to fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation. These processes perpetuate other adverse activities, including aberrant lung repair, irreversible alterations of lung functioning, and extracellular matrix deposition, replacing normal lung tissues (She et al., 2021). These pathological processes of pulmonary fibrosis render it a life-threatening condition.
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References
Agarwal, A. K., Raja, A., & Brown, B. D. (2023, August 7). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/
Donn, S. M., Mammel, M. C., & Kaam, A. H. L. C. van. (2022). Manual of neonatal respiratory care. Springer.
Mei, Q., Liu, Z., Zuo, H., Yang, Z., & Qu, J. (2022). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An update on pathogenesis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.797292
She, Y. X., Yu, Q. Y., & Tang, X. X. (2021). Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Discovery, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-021-00437-9
World Health Organization. (2023, March 16). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)
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