Pharmacology Week 7-2

Pharmacology Week 7-2

Pharmacology Week 7-2

Ethynylestradiol is a contraceptive that can either be administered orally or through the vagina. The drug may be used alongside the desogestrel to prevent the woman’s egg from fully developing. The mode of action involves reducing the luteinizing hormone that eventually decreases the endometrial vascularization and the gonadotrophins that prevent ovulation (Culwell &Uhm, 2019). The possible side effects include abdominal cramps, high blood pressure, headache, fluid retention in the body, and breast tenderness among others. Therefore, the patients ought to be educated on such and be informed to report adverse reactions as they present (Culwell &Uhm, 2019). Cultural norms and practices define the people’s response to such medications. In this case, some cultural groups do not believe in birth control pills and so would not be free to take the drugs. Similarly, genetics plays a significant role in influencing the drug interactions and possible side effects in the patient.

Infertility in men could be attributed to the production of defective or inadequate sperm production. Testosterone influences the development of masculinity characteristics and so its decrease could also cause infertility (Fleseriu, 2020). Testosterone replacement therapy improves fertility and muscle mass in men, but, has side effects such asincreased risks for a blood clot and stimulation of the prostate tissue among others (Fleseriu, 2020).The initial dosage for the therapy varies between 50 and 400mg every two to four weeks. Patients should be monitored for a possible blood clot and this may require checking the INR levels. Finally, cultural factors influence the uptake of the medication. Therefore, the healthcare provider must understand the beliefs of the patient on the testosterone replacement therapy and genetic history to minimize adverse outcomes and promote high efficacy due to proper adherence.

The AUA/ASRM guidelines outline the appropriate management for infertility in male. The guideline states that the issue can be addressed through intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization or the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (Schlegel, et al., 2021). The study by Schlegel et al. (2021) also confirms the efficacy of the intervention approaches in addressing infertility.

References

Culwell, K., &Uhm, S. (2019). Faculty opinions recommendation of efficacy of the 1-year (13-cycle) segesterone acetate and ethinylestradiol contraceptive vaginal system: Results of two multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trials. Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. https://doi.org/10.3410/f.736042331.793565994

Fleseriu, M. (2020). Faculty opinions recommendation of testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. https://doi.org/10.3410/f.732878989.793576594

Schlegel, P. N., Sigman, M., Collura, B., De Jonge, C. J., Eisenberg, M. L., Lamb, D. J., Mulhall, J. P., Niederberger, C., Sandlow, J. I., Sokol, R. Z., Spandorfer, S. D., Tanrikut, C., Treadwell, J. R., Oristaglio, J. T., &Zini, A. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II. Fertility and Sterility, 115(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016

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Select a prescription or nonprescription medication and explain the cultural and genetic factors that need to be considered when recommending or prescribing for contraception or hormone replacement. Share the mechanism of action of this medication and hints for monitoring, side effects, and drug interactions, including interactions with CAM. Include the name of the medication in the subject line so that the medications can be followed. Include references using APA format.
Hypogonadism affects many men and is known to be one of the main causes of infertility. Explain the pathophysiology of infertility. Discuss testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), including the benefits, risks, contraindications, potential drug interactions, preparations, and dosing. Explain the cultural and genetic factors that need to be considered when recommending or prescribing TRT. Discuss evidence and treatment guidelines to determine appropriate therapeutic options for a patient with infertility