Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Essay

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Essay

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Essay

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders Sample Essay

Cardiovascular disorders are life-threatening conditions that can cause significant mortality and morbidity if not addressed correctly(Imaizumi et al., 2022). Therefore, instituting the correct pharmacological interventions helps in the management and prevention of fatal complications. Pharmacological interventions include antiplatelet, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, lipid-lowering drugs, and beta blockers. Factors such as genetics, gender, age, or behavior, can predispose one to cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders.

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How Age Influences the Patient’s Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Processes

Oral medications are often absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, thus exposed to stomach acidity. Younger people produce more acid than older people, thus, leading to an early release of aspirin that may cause adverse GI effects (Solanki et al., 2019). As one ages, there is increased deposition of fats that may negatively affect the distribution of the drugs, hence reducing therapeutic effects. Older people have decreased metabolism of atenolol due to the first-pass effect, which decreases its effects. Renal elimination of cardiovascular drugs is decreased in older patients, possibly predisposing them to toxicity. There is decreased glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance. Pharmacodynamics is affected through the reduction of sensitivity of receptors to the drugs; hence the therapeutic concentration may not be achieved.

How Changes in the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Processes Might Impact the Patients Recommended Drug Therapy

The patient is on atenolol 100 mg PO daily. It is metabolized in the liver and secreted in the kidneys. Therefore, any renal condition that causes decreased glomerular filtration rate can lead to the accumulation of atenolol in the circulation. Renal disorders are more common in older people than young people. Aspirin is used in the management of ischemic heart disease. Stomachs in young people have high acidic levels, which causes an early release of coated aspirin, increasing the risk of GI bleeding (Hanks et al., 2022).Drug metabolism of warfarin is slower in older populations, increasing the amount of the drug in the blood, thus, prolonged effects. Therefore, assessment of the liver function in the patient is important so that the doses can be altered to decrease the risk of bleeding associated with warfarin.

How I might improve the Patients Drug Therapy Plan and Reasons Why

            The patient has a history of atrial fibrillation; therefore, prophylactic dosage of warfarin can be given. The patient also has other predisposed risks for atrial fibrillation, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and transient ischemic attack (Solanki et al., 2019). If the patient has an increased risk of developing TIA, I will continue aspirin at a lower dose because of increased bleeding risk. Atenolol is a hypertensive medication; therefore, it will help control the high pressures of the patient. Ischemic heart condition causes significant chest pain. If the pain worsens, I will change Motrin to a stronger analgesic such as morphine to provide adequate pain relief. Metformin and glyburide are anti-diabetic drugs and hence may not have much effect on managing cardiovascular conditions.

Conclusion

Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cardiovascular drugs is important when selecting different medications for managing cardiovascular conditions. Also, considering factors such as age, genetics, and behavior are impacted as they affect the drug pharmacotherapeutics. Effective pharmacotherapeutics help achieve the best treatment outcome in cardiovascular disorder patients. It improves the quality of care, thus reducing complications.

References

Hanks, F., Philips, B., Barton, G., Hakes, L., & McKenzie, C. (2022). How critical illness impacts drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Critical care.

Imaizumi, V. M., Laurindo, L. F., Manzan, B., Guiguer, E. L., Oshiiwa, M., Otoboni, A. M. M. B.,& Barbalho, S. M. (2022). Garlic: A systematic review of the effects on cardiovascular diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2043821

Solanki, N., Patel, V., & Patel, R. (2019). Prescribing trends in cardiovascular conditions: a prospective cross-sectional study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 10(2).

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Case study: Patient HM has a history of atrial fibrillation and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:

Warfarin 5 mg daily MWF and 2.5 mg daily T, TH, Sat, Sun

Aspirin 81 mg daily

Metformin 1000 mg po bid

Glyburide 10 mg bid

Atenolol 100 mg po daily

Motrin 200 mg 1–3 tablets every 6 hours as needed for pain

• Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.
• Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
• Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
• Factor selected is age.
• Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
• Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
• Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.
• Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
• Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.
• Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.
• Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements.