Summary and Descriptive Statistics Essay

Summary and Descriptive Statistics Essay

Summary and Descriptive Statistics Essay

Descriptive statistics are important because they help us summarize and understand data. They also allow data analysts to make comparisons between different data sets. Descriptive statistics also help in detecting patterns and trends in data. Descriptive statistics are ways of summarizing data. The most common summary statistic is the mean, which is simply the average of all the data points. Other common summary statistics include the median (which is the middle value in a sorted list of data points) and the mode (which is the most frequent value in a set of data). Sometimes it is helpful to graph data to get a better understanding of what is going on (Kaur et al., 2018). A simple graph can be made by plotting each data point on a coordinate plane, with the horizontal axis representing the x-axis and the vertical axis representing the y-axis. This type of graph is called a scatterplot. Measures of variation are also essential in understanding the data and trends that can be adopted.

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There are three measures of variation that you should know: variance, standard deviation, and range. The variance is a measure of the spread of a data set around its mean. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, and it’s a measure of how dispersed the data points are from the mean. The range is simply the difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set. The tables that follow integrate, as of the year 2018, the descriptive statistics of the data obtained from the National Cancer Institute.

Table 1: Hispanic (any race)

Table 5: Hispanic (any race)
Measures Of Centre	Value
Average/mean	62.73
Median	64.55
Mode (Number which appear most)	65.80

Table 2: Hispanic (any race)

Table 2: Hispanic (any race)
Measures Of Centre	Value
Average/mean	31.49
Median	32.10
Mode (Number which appear most)	34.10

Table 3: Black (includes Hispanic)

Table 3: Black (includes Hispanic)
Measures Of Centre	Value
Average/mean	70.07
Median	71.42
Mode	There is no mode calculated

Table 4: Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)

Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)
Measures Of Centre	Value
Average/mean	38.52
Median	38.91
Mode (Number which appear most)	36.60

Table 5: American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)

American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)
Measures Of Centre	Value
Average/mean	43.280
Median	43.850
Mode (Number which appear most)	There is no mode calculated

Tables 1 through 5 show the total number of recorded cancer cases across all racial groups. The sample population for the rate measurements was every 100,000 people. The descriptive data showed that black people had the highest likelihood of developing cancer infections, with white people coming in very close second. Hispanics were shown to have the lowest chance of developing cancer infections. The dataset that was utilized for the analytic procedure was recorded in 2016, hence the study period included a 16-year period starting in the year 2000.

According to CDC, African Americans have the highest rates of cancer incidence and death for all cancer types combined. While the exact reasons for this are not fully understood, there are a number of possible contributing factors, including: -Increased exposure to risk factors – African Americans are more likely than other groups to be exposed to certain cancer-causing agents, such as HPV infection and secondhand smoke (Siegel et at., 2019). -Reduced access to quality healthcare – Many African Americans lack health insurance and therefore have difficulty accessing quality cancer care. When they do receive treatment, it is often later in the disease course when chances of survival are lower.

Table 6: Measures of Variation

Race/Ethnicity	American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)	Hispanic (any race)	Black (includes Hispanic)	White (includes Hispanic)	Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)
Variance for each category	27.72257	8.3993	45.42896	26.1620	5.67083
Standard Deviation	5.26522	2.89815	6.74010	5.11488	2.38
Maximum	51.7210	35.001	79.002	68.802	41.800
Minimum	32.00	26.00	57.420	53.20	34.00
Range	19.700	9.000	21.600	15.60	7.800

Table 6 indicates the outcomes for the variation for the dataset. From the analysis, the black community recorded highest variation. The measurements were recorded per every 100,000 persons.

Conclusion

Black people had the highest likelihood of developing cancer infections, with white people coming in very close second. According to CDC, African Americans have the highest rates of cancer incidence and death for all cancer types combined. While the exact reasons for this are not fully understood. Also, the black communities who took part in the study had the highest levels of variation.

References

Kaur, P., Stoltzfus, J., & Yellapu, V. (2018). Descriptive statistics. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 4(1), 60. https://www.ijam-web.org/article.asp?issn=2455-5568;year=2018;volume=4;issue=1;spage=60;epage=63;aulast=Kaur

Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2019). Cancer statistics, 2019. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 69(1), 7-34. https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21551

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There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within the organization or for health care information. Every year the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals towards research, treatment options, or patient education.
Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet, calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the Race/Ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance in with creating Excel formulas.
Provide the following descriptive statistics:
1. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
2. Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range (a formula is not needed for Range).
3. Once the data is calculated, provide a 150-250 word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.
APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

Rubic:

Criteria Description
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median and Mode)
5. 5: Excellent
25 points
Measures of central tendency are calculated.
4. 4: Good
21.25 points
N/A
3. 3: Satisfactory
18.75 points
Measures of central tendency are mostly calculated, but one required calculation is missing.
2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory
16.25 points
Measures of central tendency are partially calculated, but two required calculations are missing.
1. 1: Unsatisfactory
0 points
Measures of central tendency are not calculated.
Measures of Variation
25 points
Criteria Description
Measures of Variation (Variance, Standard Deviation and Range)
5. 5: Excellent
25 points
Measures of central variation are calculated for variance and standard deviation. Range is identified.
4. 4: Good
21.25 points
N/A
3. 3: Satisfactory
18.75 points
Measures of central variation are mostly calculated, but one required calculation is missing.
2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory
16.25 points
Measures of central variation are partially calculated.
1. 1: Unsatisfactory
0 points
Measures of variation are not calculated.
Analysis of Descriptive Statistics
25 points
Criteria Description
Analysis of Descriptive Statistics
5. 5: Excellent
25 points
Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is extremely thorough and accurate and includes substantial explanation and supporting details.
4. 4: Good
21.25 points
Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is complete and mostly accurate and contains explanation and supporting details.
3. 3: Satisfactory
18.75 points
Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is included but lacks accuracy, explanation, or supporting details.
2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory
16.25 points
Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is incomplete or incorrect.
1. 1: Unsatisfactory
0 points
Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is not included.
Excel Formulas
20 points
Criteria Description
Excel Formulas
5. 5: Excellent
20 points
Excel formulas are complete and correct for all problems.
4. 4: Good
17 points
Excel formulas are included for all problems and contain only minor errors.
3. 3: Satisfactory
15 points
Excel formulas are mostly included and contain minor errors.
2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory
13 points
Excel formulas are partially included or contain significant errors that affect problem solutions.
1. 1: Unsatisfactory
0 points
Excel formulas are incomplete or incorrect.
Mechanics of Writing
5 points
Criteria Description
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
5. 5: Excellent
5 points
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
4. 4: Good
4.25 points
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.
3. 3: Satisfactory
3.75 points
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory
3.25 points
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
1. 1: Unsatisfactory
0 points
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.
Total100 points