Week 6 Assignment: Prompt: In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case

Week 6 Assignment: Prompt: In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case

Week 6 Assignment: Prompt: In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case

Healthcare professionals provide support throughout the cycle of life, from birth to death. They have an obligation to provide humane and
compassionate care to patients while adhering to their specific field’s code of ethics. Sometimes, healthcare professionals are privy to discussions between family members regarding end-of-life issues. In some instances, a healthcare facility may be in charge of providing information about advance directives to patients. Healthcare professionals should calibrate their own moral beliefs to align with their ethical and legal obligations. By studying issues contained within real-life cases, healthcare professionals can come to terms with their beliefs and obligations relative to end-of-life issues.

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Prompt: In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case. You will address what the bioethical issue is and what role end-of-life issues, such as self-determination and advanced directives, played in the case. Using your analysis, you will determine how this bioethical issue impacted the decisions made by the healthcare professionals involved in the case.
Specifically, your essay must address the following critical elements:
I. Introduction: Describe the provided case, including information on the stakeholders involved, the bioethical issue, and the time period of the incident
that occurred.
II. Bioethical Analysis: Analyze the bioethical issue for the role end-of-life issues played in the case. Be sure to use appropriate terminology and support
with secondary research.
III. Conclusion: Describe how the bioethical issue influenced the decisions of healthcare professionals involved in the case. Be sure to use specific examples.
Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your bioethical short paper should be 1–2 pages in Microsoft Word with 12-point Times New Roman font and one-inch margins. All
citations and references should be formatted according to the most recent APA guidelines.

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Bioethics

Introduction

The complex case of Theresa Maria Schindler Schiavo (widely known as Terri Schiavo) triggered significant medical, theological, legal, political, ethical and social controversies that still persist to this date. Terri Schiavo (1963-2005) was unfortunately incapacitated and hospitalized in 1990 following a tragic incident that left her suffering from cardiac arrest, brain damage and asphyxia (Das & Biradar, 2016). Considering that the injury suffered by Mrs. Schiavo had contributed to her incapacitation including the inability to swallow, the diagnosis of persistent vegetative state meant that the patient was described at numerous times as brain dead, comatose, minimally-conscious, vegetative, disabled and locked in. With regards to stakeholders involved, her husband, Michael Schiavo, was appointed as the legal guardian since the patient was declared incompetent (Finlay of Llandaff, 2016). Other keys stakeholders included her parents, Robert and Mary Schindler, who raised strong objections against the removal of their daughter’s feeding tube following an order of a Florida Judge acting at the plea of the patient’s husband that his wife be legally allowed to breath her last (Koch, 2005). In terms of the bioethical issue, the decision of withdrawing or continuing a life-sustaining treatment or measure (artificial nutrition and hydration) proved to be a major challenge for all the stakeholders directly and indirectly involved in Terri’s case.

Bioethical Analysis

The bio-ethical issue revolved around end-of-life decision-making. The Schiavo case was characterized by a good deal of controversy regarding the specific individuals that should be involved in making moral judgments on the suitability of a decision to withdraw or maintain life-sustaining measures and treatment. Preston and Kelly (2006) mentioned that whilst the placement of Schiavo on artificial hydration and nutrition had played a role in enabling her to stay alive, the permanent vegetative experienced by the patient meant that she would never have returned to normalcy. Moreover, Nurnaningsih et al. (2020) argued that Schiavo’s status as an incompetent and incapacitated patient greatly undermined her personal autonomy to pursue end-of-life choices, and hence the involvement of the surrogate decision-maker (Michael Schiavo) in making substituted judgment might have been based on the patient’s known values, wishes and preferences.  In this case, the ultimate decision by the Florida judge to grant Michael’s requires in favor of withholding life-continuing measures and to oppose her patient’s wish for continued placement on the life-support machine may have been based on the patient’s subjective wishes (May, 2007). In view of the life-span perspective, given that the incompetent patient had been in a persistent vegetative state for at least 15 years, the move by the surrogate decision-maker to refuse the provision of hydration and nutrition on the basis that she was not in favor of “being kept alive on a machine” strengthened the right of a married spouse to pursue complex medical decisions on behalf of their partner (Fine, 2005). The utilization of living wills and other legal documents might have played a major role in tackling or preventing the occurrence of such controversies (Das & Biradar, 2016). However, the presence of family disagreements and conflicts with regards to end-of-life choices for an incompetent patient calls for inclusion of all key stakeholders in the decision-making process.

Conclusion

Terri Schiavo’s case brought to light some of the bio-ethical issues revolving around the right to life, and end-of-life choices. Whilst the heated feud between Michael Schiavo and Terri’s parents ended with the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, case under analysis revealed the extent to which issues of continuation and termination of life are argued ethically. Although nobody may have clear information regarding what Terri Schiavo would have wanted, the persistent vegetative state she experienced was permanent and hence the patient had no hope of achieving meaningful recovery, and hence the ultimate decision by the Court to upheld the Surrogate decision-maker’s request for the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment measures.

References

Das, K. K., & Biradar, M. S. (2016). Ethical publications in medical research. Bioethics – Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5772/64947

Fine, R. L. (2005). From Quinlan to Schiavo: Medical, ethical, and legal issues in severe brain injury. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 18(4), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928086

Finlay of Llandaff, I. G. (2016). ‘Assisted dying’: A view of the legal, social, ethical and clinical perspectives. Bioethics – Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5772/65908

Koch, T. (2005). The challenge of Terri Schiavo: Lessons for bioethics. Journal of Medical Ethics, 31(7), 376-378. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.012419

May, W. E. (2007). The case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the end of life, edited by Arthur L. Caplan, James J. McCartney, and Dominic A. Sisti and fighting for dear life: The untold story of Terri Schiavo and what it means for all of us, by David Gibbs with Bob DeMoss. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 7(1), 197-202. https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq20077188

Nurnaningsih, N., Setiyarini, S., Al Mirzanah, S., Padmawati, R. S., & Juffrie, M. (2020). Forgoing life sustaining treatment decision-making in critically ill children: Parental views and factor’s influence. Clinical Ethics, 16(3), 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750920958560

Preston, T., & Kelly, M. (2006). A medical ethics assessment of the case of Terri Schiavo. Death Studies, 30(2), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180500455608