Choose a medical condition from the endocrine system and explain the pathophysiology changes that may occur. What patient education would need to be included related to this disorder?

Choose a medical condition from the endocrine system and explain the pathophysiology changes that may occur. What patient education would need to be included related to this disorder?

Choose a medical condition from the endocrine system and explain the pathophysiology changes that may occur. What patient education would need to be included related to this disorder?

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake compared to the required thus impairing physical health by low weight and psychosocial malfunctioning. Patients have a negative feeling about their body size and deep fear of weight gain and an inability to identify the repercussions of a megre body weight. Affects 0.3% of the population (Moore & Bokor, 2019). The prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa is significantly high in females compared to males. Commonly affects the adolescent and early adulthood age bracket (Balasundaram & Santhanam, 2021). The predisposing factors for this disorder include biological factors such as genetics and neurobiology, obesity, female gender, developmental factors like childhood sexual abuse, neuroticism, obsessive and compulsive personality disorders, mood disorders, and criticism of one’s weight by peers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pathophysiology and patient education in anorexia nervosa.

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Pathophysiology

Anorexia Nervosa results from a complex dynamic mesh interplay between biological and environmental factors. The biological factors genetics and neurobiology are believed to play a pivotal role in the development of Anorexia Nervosa. Deficits in the serotonin and dopamine in the brain cause an alteration in the structure and function of the brain. This leads to the activation of appetite and fear centers in the corticolimbic system and diminished habitual behaviors. When an obese person loses weight and receives compliments, the behavior is reinforced as a consequence of the neuroadaptive changes that increase the levels of Angiopoietin Like Protein 6 which confers chronicity (Moore & Bokor, 2019). Anorexia affects all body systems. These  effects include estrogen-mediated impairments in learning and memory, osteoporosis, arrhythmias, dilated cardiomyopathy, dermatologic xerosis, bone marrow suppression leading to cytopenia of all cell lines, and peripheral neuropathy due to hypovitaminosis, refeeding syndrome, constipation, and depression among others.

Patient Education

Psychosocial therapy is a paramount aspect of the management of Anorexia nervosa. Family therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are vital. Education in nutrient and caloric intake, cutting down on exercising. Counseling to improve self-esteem and cognitive exercises improve the flexibility of thoughts. Patient education in aspects of adherence to any prescribed medication, and ways to improve appetite are key (Gan et al., 2021). Psychosocial therapy is actualized by cognitive Behavioral therapy, psychodynamic, specialist supportive clinical management, family therapy, and cognitive remediation therapy.

Conclusion

Body dysmorphism is a major cause of Anorexia Nervosa. The treatment clings around psychosocial therapies and rehabilitation of nutritional routines. Anorexia nervosa is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in co-occurrence with other mental disorders especially the mood disorders like depression. Consequently, there is a need for a properly planned treatment for this disorder to maintain health.

References

Balasundaram, P., & Santhanam, P. (2021). Eating Disorders. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567717/

Gan, J. K. E., Wu, V. X., Chow, G., Chan, J. K. Y., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2021). Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on individuals with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Education and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.05.031

Moore, C. A., & Bokor, B. R. (2019, May 14). Anorexia Nervosa. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/

Choose a medical condition from the endocrine system and explain the pathophysiology changes that may occur. What patient education would need to be included related to this disorder?