NURS 6675 WEEK 8 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Essay

NURS 6675 WEEK 8 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Essay

NURS 6675 WEEK 8 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Essay

Psychiatric mental health nurses play crucial roles in ensuring the promotion of optimum health outcomes for patients affected by neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from abnormalities in brain development or damage in the early stages of one’s development. An example is intellectual disability. Therefore, this paper explores the different topics on intellectual disability.

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            Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by problems with mental abilities. The disability affects patient’s adaptive and intellectual functioning. According to DSMV, people diagnosed with intellectual disabilities experience deficits in intellectual functioning, as evidenced by issues in reasoning, problem solving, judgement, planning, academic, and experiential learning. They also have challenges with adaptive functioning, as evidenced by communication, social skills, school or work functioning, and personal independence disabilities (Lee et al., 2022). Intellectual disability arises during the developmental period, with symptoms being evident during adolescence and childhood stages.

            Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners should be able to differentiate intellectual disability from other neurodevelopmental conditions. Some of the potential differential diagnoses they should consider include brain injury, genetic conditions that cause mental retardation, and specific learning disorders. They should also consider other conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and child abuse and neglect. It is estimated that 6.5 million people in the USA have intellectual disability. Its global prevalence ranges between 0.05 and 1.55% (McBride et al., 2021; Russell et al., 2022). Factors such as pregnancy complications, Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile x syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and genetics contribute to intellectual disability. Symptoms of intellectual disability do not improve over time. As a result, the affected require assistance in learning and retaining new skills for their optimum functioning (Lee et al., 2022). The outcomes are better for those with mild intellectual disability as compared to those with severe intellectual disability.  

            Culture affects the utilization of care by families with individuals with intellectual disability. Often, families and the affected suffer from isolation, stigma, racism, and social barriers that hinder their access to and utilization of care services for intellectual disability. Intellectual disability manifests itself during the early childhood stages and adolescence stages. Males have a high risk of being affected by intellectual disability as compared to females. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are effective for intellectual disability. Examples of pharmacological interventions include the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to manage depressive symptoms (Lee et al., 2022). Antipsychotics are also prescribed for involuntary, obsessive, and self-stimulatory behaviors.

Non-pharmacological interventions include educational support, behavioral therapy, and vocational training. Combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches increase the treatment outcomes. The diagnosis of intellectual disability is largely based on history taking, physical examination, and intelligence quotient test (Lee et al., 2022). Investigations such as head CT scan may be requested to rule out any other causes of intellectual disabilities.  

            Individuals affected by intellectual disability suffer from comorbid psychiatric conditions. They are increasingly at a risk of developing depression, self-injurious behaviors, hyperactivity, and repetitive stereotypical behaviors. Some of the legal and ethical considerations for nurses caring for patients with intellectual disability include ensuring privacy and confidentiality of information, informed consent, justice, non-maleficence, and beneficence. Patient education should focus on encouraging patients to engage in activities that improve their social and functional skills (Lee et al., 2022). The family should provide supportive environment since the affected are prone to rejection in their societies.  

            In summary, intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has functional and adaptive impairments. The diagnosis is largely based on history taking, physical examination, and administration of tests that measure intellectual levels of the patients. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are effective in intellectual disability. Patient and family support are important for optimum outcomes in intellectual disability.

References

Lee, K., Cascella, M., & Marwaha, R. (2022). Intellectual Disability. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547654/

McBride, O., Heslop, P., Glover, G., Taggart, L., Hanna-Trainor, L., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2021). Prevalence estimation of intellectual disability using national administrative and household survey data: The importance of survey question specificity. International Journal of Population Data Science, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v6i1.1342

Russell, P. S. S., Nagaraj, S., Vengadavaradan, A., Russell, S., Mammen, P. M., Shankar, S. R., Viswanathan, S. A., Earnest, R., Chikkala, S. M., & Rebekah, G. (2022). Prevalence of intellectual disability in India: A meta-analysis. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 11(2), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.206

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NURS 6675 WEEK 8 INSTRUCTIONS STUDY PLAN
Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Abnormal brain development or damage at an early age can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. Within this group of disorders, some are resolvable with appropriate and timely interventions, either pharmacological or nonpharmacological, while other disorders are chronic and need to be managed throughout the lifespan.
For this Assignment, you will develop a study guide for an assigned disorder and share it with your colleagues. In sum, these study guides will be a powerful tool in preparing for your certification exam.

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To Prepare
• Your Instructor will assign you to a specific neurodevelopmental disorder from the DSM-5-TR.
• Research your assigned disorder using the Walden Library. Then, develop an organizational scheme for the important information about the disorder.
The Assignment
Create a study guide for your assigned disorder. Your study guide should be in the form of an outline with references, and you should incorporate visual elements such as concept maps, charts, diagrams, images, color coding, mnemonics, and/or flashcards. Be creative! It should not be in the format of an APA paper. Your guide should be informed by the DSM-5-TR but also supported by at least three other scholarly resources.
Areas of importance you should address, but are not limited to, are:
• Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR
• Differential diagnoses
• Incidence
• Development and course
• Prognosis
• Considerations related to culture, gender, age
• Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects
• Nonpharmacological treatments
• Diagnostics and labs
• Comorbidities
• Legal and ethical considerations
• Pertinent patient education considerations
Please do assignment on
Intellectual disability