Type 2 Diabetes Assignment Paper

Type 2 Diabetes Assignment Paper

Type 2 Diabetes Assignment Paper

Type two diabetes refers to a chronic medical condition that occurs due to persistently elevated blood sugars. The disease develops when the body fails to effectively use insulin and gradually loses its ability to make enough insulin. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The body eventually becomes insulin resistant resulting in hyperglycemia or high than normal level of glucose in the blood. Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes is dangerous and can lead to several symptoms and potentially lead to serious complications. The CDC reports that in 2018, 34.2 million people, or 10.5% of the US population had diabetes (CDC, 2022). Diabetes was linked to 1.5 million deaths in 2019 and 48% of all these deaths occurred before the age of 70. Unfortunately, more than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mostly affects adults but it is now frequent in children and it is estimated to increase with age and decrease with increased levels of education (Bullard et al., 2018). The disease is diagnosed several years after onset when complications have already set in. This paper will explain its etiology and risk factors, pathophysiological processes, clinical manifestations and complications, diagnostics, and an interview report.

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Etiology and Risk Factors

The occurrence of type 2 diabetes is linked to several factors, including lifestyle factors and genes. Lifestyle factors include a poor diet, overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity (Kotwas et al., 2021). Increased weight results in insulin resistance where the muscle, liver, and fat cells do not utilize insulin well. Other risk factors are being aged 45 or older, having a family history of diabetes, and being of an African American, Alaska, Native, Asian American, Pacific Islander, American Indian, or Hispanic descent. Kotwas et al. (2021) add that presence of high blood pressure, low level of good cholesterols (HDL), history of gestational diabetes, heart disease, depression, and acanthosis nigricans increase the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Risk factors like family history, age, or race cannot be changed but one can change their lifestyle factors and reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes.

Pathophysiological Processes

Type 2 diabetes causes a defective insulin secretion by pancreatic- β-cells as well as a limited response from the insulin-sensitive tissues (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020). It then projects as peripheral insulin resistance, impaired regulation of hepatic glucose production, declining β-cell function, and eventual failure of the β-cells failure. Lack of β-cell compensatory mechanisms overcoming peripherally developed insulin resistance results in disturbed blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism. There is an increased buildup of glucose in the blood rather than in the cells resulting in implications like kidney damage, nerve damage, and heart disease.

Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Type 2 diabetes presents with four classic symptoms namely frequent urination (polyuria), frequent hunger (polydipsia), and frequent hunger (polyphagia) (Gedebjerg et al., 2018). Patients also report weight loss due to increased burning of fat and muscle for energy, fatigue as cells lack energy, blurred vision, infection, and sores. In terms of complications, elevated blood sugars due to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes cause neuropathy which damages the body’s nerves, nephropathy which damages the kidney, and retinopathy which damages the eyes (Gedebjerg et al., 2018). The sugars also increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, skin conditions, slow healing, hearing impairment, sleep apnea, and dementia. Early detection and treatment of diabetes can reduce the risk of developing these complications.

Diagnostics

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) outlines four diagnostic tests for type 2 diabetes. The first one is the A1C test which evaluates the average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months. An A1C of below 5.7% indicates normal blood sugar levels while one of 6.5% and above indicates the presence of diabetes (CDC, 2021). The second test is the fasting blood sugar test which evaluates blood sugar after an overnight fast. A level below 99mg/dL is normal while one above 126mg/dL shows one has diabetes. There is also a glucose tolerance test evaluated before and after one consumes a liquid containing glucose. The test begins with an overnight fast and then one consumes the liquid and the sugar levels are tested 1hour, 2 hours, and possibly 3 hours afterward.  At 2 hours, a blood sugar level of below 140mg/dL is normal while that above 200mg/dL confirms diabetes. Lastly, there is a random blood sugar test taken at any time. A blood sugar level of 200mg/dL or higher indicates that one has diabetes.

Interview

The interviewee is a 68 years old man, an uncle who has been suffering from type 2 diabetes for the last 22 years. He recounts that he was a rugby player and one day when seeing a doctor for a sporting injury he mentioned that he had a feeling of “strange thirst’. The presentation is similar to polydipsia a classic symptom of type 2 diabetes. He indicates that he has diabetic neuropathy which affects his feet. He states, ‘I find it painful to walk for any length of time, and I have lost sensation in my feet which affects my balance.” The complication aligns with Gedebjerg et al. (2018) who cite nephropathy as a diabetic complication. He states that he has recently been diagnosed with leukemia. He adds that the diagnosis was a shock but he is more relaxed now. Further, he confirms that the disease has not affected his ability to enjoy life despite the need to take a lot of meds and limited exercises due to a leg injury. He can still enjoy the things he loves especially traveling and socializing with friends. The interview instilled the need to gain a positive outlook despite the circumstances or challenges faced

References

Bullard, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Lessem, S. E., Saydah, S. H., Menke, A., Geiss, L. S., … & Imperatore, G. (2018). Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type—United States, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(12), 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6712a2

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Diabetes Tests. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/getting-tested.html

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Diabetes Data and Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/index.html

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., … & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275

Gedebjerg, A., Almdal, T. P., Berencsi, K., Rungby, J., Nielsen, J. S., Witte, D. R., … & Thomsen, R. W. (2018). Prevalence of micro-and macrovascular diabetes complications at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis and associated clinical characteristics: a cross-sectional baseline study of 6958 patients in the Danish DD2 cohort. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 32(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.09.010

Kotwas, A., Karakiewicz, B., Zabielska, P., Wieder-Huszla, S., & Jurczak, A. (2021). Epidemiological factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease. Archives of Public Health, 79(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00632-1

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Purpose
This project is an in-depth investigation of a health condition. It will allow for the expansion of knowledge and the ability to generalize larger concepts to a variety of health conditions.
Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
1. Explain the pathophysiologic processes of select health conditions. (PO 1)
2. Predict clinical manifestations and complications of select disease processes. (PO 1, 8)
3. Correlate lifestyle, environmental, and other influences with changes in levels of wellness. (PO 1, 7)

Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies to this assignment.
Total points possible: 100 points
Preparing the assignment
Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.
1) Select a disease process that interests you.
2) Obtain approval of the selected disease process from the course faculty.
a. Faculty will share how to submit your topic choice for approval.
3) Write a 2-3-page paper (excluding title and reference pages).
4) Include the following sections about the selected disease process (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric).
a. Introduction of disease – 10 points/10%
• One paragraph (approximately 200 words)
• Includes disease description
• Includes epidemiology of disease
b. Etiology and risk factors – 20 points/20%
• Common causes of the disease or condition
• Risk factors for the disease or condition
• Impact of age
• Prevalence based on gender,
• Influence of environment
• Genetic basis of disease
• Lifestyle influences
• All information supported by current literature
c. Pathophysiological processes – 20 points/20%
• Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.
• Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the disease.
• Relates disease processes to manifested signs and symptoms.
d. Clinical manifestations and complications – 20 points/20%
• Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the disease.
• Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition
• Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the condition.
• Identifies complications of the disease.
• Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left untreated.
e. Diagnostics – 10 points/10%
• Includes list of common laboratory and diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of the disease.

• Discusses the significance of test findings in relation to the disease process.
f. Interview – 10 points/10%
• Once the student has become familiar with the disorder, it is their responsibility to locate an individual living with the disease process to interview (interviewee). It is recommended that you find an individual first, then complete research and writing on the topic prior to performing the interview.
 The interviewee must be at least 18 years old and able to answer questions by themselves
 The interviewee must currently have the chronic disease/disorder. If an interviewee has been diagnosed with a disease/disorder but has NO manifestations or complications related to the disorder they DO NOT qualify for the assignment.
 Acute infections/diseases DO NOT qualify (pneumonia, urinary tract infection, flu, colds).
 The interviewee cannot be a patient from the clinical setting or a patient from your work environment (hospitals, doctor’s office, LTC facility, home health, etc.)
 The interviewee may be a relative, friend, colleague, or stranger.
 Please use the individual’s own words in relation to their experience with the disease/disorder.
• NOTE: This assignment is for educational purposes only. Students are NOT to provide any medical/nursing advice or education to interviewees. Refer interviewee questions to their physician.
• Interview Questions
 What is the age of the individual being interviewed? What is the relationship of the individual to you? How long have they had the disorder?
 What clinical manifestations of the disorder does the individual experience? How does it compare to what you discovered in your resources?
 What complications of the disorder does the individual experience? How does this compare to what you discovered in your resources?
 What other medical conditions/disorders has the individual been diagnosed with? Do their other medical conditions have any effect on the chosen disorder?
 How does the disease affect the individual’s daily living/activities? (repeat hospitalizations, has to take a lot of meds, any activity restrictions, a lot of appointments?)
 How does the disease/disorder affect the individual’s outlook on life? (Feel like a burden to family, do they have good family support, feel hopeless, optimistic, good coping mechanisms?)
 What did you learn from interviewing the individual?
g. APA Style and Organization – 10 points/10%
• References are submitted with assignment.
• Uses current APA format and is free of errors.
• Grammar and mechanics are free of errors.
• Paper is 2-3 pages, excluding title and reference pages.
• At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided.

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Please note that your instructor may provide you with additional assessments in any form to determine that you fully understand the concepts learned.

Grading Rubric
Criteria are met when the student’s application of knowledge within the paper demonstrates achievement of the outcomes for this assignment.
Assignment Section and Required Criteria
(Points possible/% of total points available) Highest Level of Performance High Level of Performance Satisfactory Level of Performance Unsatisfactory Level of Performance Section Not Present
Introduction of Disease
(10 points/10%) 10 points 9 points 8 points 4 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. One (approximately 200 words) paragraph
2. Includes disease description
3. Includes epidemiology of disease Includes 3 requirements for section. Includes 2 requirements for section. Includes no less than 1 requirement for section. Present, yet includes no required criteria. No requirements for this section presented.
Etiology and Risk Factors
(20 points/20%) 20 points 18 points 16 points 7 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. Common causes of the disease or condition
2. Risk factors for the disease or condition
3. Impact of age
4. Prevalence based on gender
5. Influence of environment
6. Genetic basis of disease
7. Lifestyle influences
8. All information supported by current literature Includes 8 requirements for section. Includes 7 requirements for section. Includes 6 requirements for section. Includes 5 or fewer requirements for section. No requirements for this section presented.
Pathophysiological Processes
(20 points/20%) 20 points 18 points 16 points 7 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. Describes changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and/or organ level that contribute to the disease process.
2. Describes adaptation of the cells and body in response to the disease.
3. Relates disease processes to manifested signs and symptoms.

Includes 3 requirements for section. Includes 2 requirements for section. Includes no less than 1 requirements for section. Section present yet includes no required criteria. No requirements for this section presented.

Clinical Manifestations & Complications
(20 points/20%) 20 points 18 points 16 points 7 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. Describes the physical signs and symptoms that are important in considering the presence of the disease.
2. Identifies signs that contribute to diagnosis of the condition
3. Identifies symptoms that contribute to diagnosis of the condition.
4. Identifies complications of the disease.
5. Discusses the implications to the patient when complications are left untreated. Includes 4 requirements for section. Includes 3 requirements for section. Includes 2 requirements for section. Includes 1 or fewer requirements for section. No requirements for this section presented.
Diagnostics
(10 points/10%) 10 points 4 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. Includes list of common laboratory and diagnostic tests used to determine the presence of the disease.
2. Discusses the significance of test findings in relation to the disease process. Includes 2 requirements for section. Includes 1 requirement for section. No requirements for this section presented.
Individual Interview
(10 points/10%) 10 points 9 points 8 points 4 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. What is the age of the individual being interviewed? What is the relationship of the individual to you? How long have they had the disorder?
2. What clinical manifestations of the disorder does the individual experience? How does it compare to what you discovered in your resources?
3. What complications of the disorder does the individual experience? How does this compare to what you discovered in your resources?
4. What other medical conditions/disorders has the individual been diagnosed with? Do their other medical conditions have any effect on the chosen disorder?
5. How does the disease affect the individual’s daily living/activities? (repeat hospitalizations, must take a lot of meds, any activity restrictions, a lot of appointments?)
6. How does the disease/disorder affect the individual’s outlook on life? (Feel like a burden to family, do they have good family support, feel hopeless, optimistic, good coping mechanisms?)
7. What did you learn from interviewing the individual? Includes answers to 7 question sets. Includes answers to 6 question sets. Includes answers to 5 question sets. Includes answers to 1-4 question sets. No question sets answered or section not present.
APA Style and Organization
(10 points/10%) 10 points 9 points 8 points 4 points 0 points
Required criteria
1. References are submitted with assignment.
2. Uses current APA format and is free of errors.
3. Grammar and mechanics are free of errors.
4. Paper is 2-3 pages, excluding title and reference pages
5. At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided Includes 5 requirements for section. Includes 4 requirements for section. Includes 3 requirements for section. Includes 1-2 requirements for section. No requirements for this section presented.
Total Points Possible = 100 points